scholarly journals Phytopathological and nutraceutical evaluation of cauliflower plants treated with high dilutions of arsenic trioxide

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (40) ◽  
pp. 161-162
Author(s):  
Grazia Trebbi ◽  
Giovanni Dinelli ◽  
Ilaria Marotti ◽  
Valeria Bregola ◽  
Maurizio Brizzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Infection ◽  
Arsenic Trioxide ◽  
Plant Resistance ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Alternaria Brassicicola ◽  
Leaf Spot Disease ◽  
Glucosinolate Content ◽  
Infection Level

Introduction: This research aimed at verifying the effects of highly diluted (HD) treatments on cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L.) plants both healthy and inoculated by the fungus Alternaria brassicicola, causing the dark leaf spot disease. In vitro spore germination assays (A), growth chamber experiments (B) and field trials (C) were performed. Material and Methods: (A): spore suspensions were prepared in HD treatments and their inhibiting effect on germination was recorded microscopically after incubation at 25°C for 5 h. (B): the same treatments were tested in plants artificially inoculated with the fungus. The infection level on leaves was blindly evaluated by a previously defined infection scale. (C): the field was divided into plots according to a complete randomized block design. In the first trial (i), plants were artificially inoculated and weekly treated; the infection level was evaluated on cauliflower heads. The second trial (ii) was performed on the same field with the aim to induce a natural infection, mediated by infected crop residues. Measurement endpoints concerned the evaluation of some physiological parameters along with the glucosinolate content on cauliflower heads. Results: (A): arsenic trioxide (As 35x and 35x diluted 1:5000) and Cuprum 5x induced highly significant inhibition of germination rate (-60%) vs. control. (B): As 35x and Cu 3 g/l induced a significant decrease of mean infection level (-50%). (C): in (i), a significant reduction of disease symptoms on heads was recorded for As 35x and Cu 3 g/l (-45%). In (ii) natural fungal infection did not occur due to dry weather conditions; physiological and nutraceutical analyses of healthy heads demonstrated that As 35x induced a significant increase of both head size and glucosinolate content. Discussion: Some evidences on the efficacy of arsenic, at different decimal and centesimal HD, in fungal and viral disease control were previously reported [1]. In the present study the efficacy of HD arsenic in dark leaf spot control in field has been shown for the first time: since fungal inoculation was performed on the leaves before flowering, we can hypothesize that this treatment induced an increase of plant resistance to fungal infection. Conclusions: This research showed the possibility of using HD arsenic in agriculture (“agrohomeopathy”), as it increased both plant resistance to fungal infection and the content of glucosinolates, ie secondary metabolites involved in plant resistance mechanisms [2] and considered as “plant food protection agents” [3]. Acknowledgments: Authors declare there is no conflict of interest. This research has been supported by Marche Region. A grateful acknowledgement to Dr. Leonardo Valenti for his support to this research. The authors thank Laboratoires Boiron srl for the grant awarded to one of the author Dr. Grazia Trebbi. Finally, authors are grateful to Cemon srl for financial support of glucosinolate analyses. We had full access to all the data in this study and we take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis Keywords: cauliflower, arsenic trioxide, Alternaria brassicicola, glucosinolates References [1] Betti L, Trebbi G, Majewsky V, Scherr C, Shah-Rossi D, Jäger T, et al. Use of homeopathic preparations in phytopathological models and in field trials: a critical review. Homeopathy 2009; 98: 244-266. [2] Ménard R, Larue J-P, Silué D, Thouvenot D. Glucosinolates in cauliflower as biochemical markers for resistance against downy mildew. Phytochemistry 1999; 52: 29-35. [3] Talalay P, Fahey JW. Phytochemicals from Cruciferous plants protect against cancer by modulating carcinogen metabolism. J Nutr. 2001; 131:3027S- 3033S.

scholarly journals Batı Karadeniz Bölgesi Düzce Ekolojik Koşulları Altında Bazı Ekmeklik Buğday Çeşitlerinin Yaprak Hastalıklarına Karşı Reaksiyonlarının Belirlenmesi

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 653 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nedim Altın ◽  
Hüseyin Güngör ◽  
İsmet Yıldırım
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Yellow Rust ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Brown Rust ◽  
Leaf Spot Disease ◽  
Rust Disease ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Spot Disease ◽  
Tolerant Variety ◽  
Septoria Leaf Spot

This study was conducted to determine the response of 19 bread wheat varieties to natural infection of leaf diseases under ecological conditions of Düzce in the Western Black Sea Region. The trial was established in accordance with randomized block with four replications and the seeds were planted on 17.11.2015. The wheat varities were observed for the associated diseases including septoria leaf spot disease (caused by Septoria tritici during milking stage), yellow rust disease (caused by Puccinia striiformis at the end of the flowering period), brown rust disease (caused by Puccinia recondita at the beginning of milking stage). The disease severity were assessed in the field conditions according to natural contamination. According to determined diseases severity, the most sensitive variety against septoria leaf spot disease was “Bereket” with 60%, while the most tolerant variety was “Aslı” with 14%. The most sensitive variety against yellow rust disease was “Tekirdağ” with 45.4%, while the most tolerant variety was “Midas” with 0.6%. The most sensitive variety against brown rust disease was “Tahirova” with 22%, while the most tolerant variety was “Midas” with 0.2%. The results indicated that promising wheat varieties for future breeding studies were: Aldane, Aslı, Konya 2002, Köprü, Masaccio and Tosunbey (against septoria leaf spot disease), Aslı, Esperia, Kate A1, Karasunya Odeska, Masaccio and Midas (against yellow rust disease), Aldane, Aslı, Bereket, Köprü, Masaccio, Midas and Tekirdağ (against brown rust disease).

Dark leaf spot (Alternaria brassicicola) on Chinese cabbage: temporal spread and its influencing factors

2002 ◽  
Vol 53 (10) ◽  
pp. 1095 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Y. Chen ◽  
T. V. Price
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Cabbage ◽  
Wind Direction ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Alternaria Brassicicola ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Average Wind ◽  
Temporal Spread

Temporal spread of dark leaf spot on Chinese cabbage was studied in experimental plots for 2 years. The effect of row orientation, the orientation of inoculated plants, and irrigation system on disease incidence and the effect of average wind direction on disease spread were investigated. A line source of inoculum in each plot was used for the 1993–94 summer and the 1994 spring–summer field trials, and 3 line sources for a 1995 autumn field trial. Disease progressed more rapidly in the 1993–94 summer than in the 1995 autumn. Disease epidemic did not develop in the 1994 spring–summer when environmental conditions were unfavourable. Disease incidence was higher in plots with row orientation parallel to the average wind direction than in plots with row orientation at right angles to the average wind direction for both the 1993–94 summer and the 1995 autumn trials. In summer 1993–94, across-row inoculation resulted in higher disease incidence than row inoculation did. No difference in disease incidence occurred between channel irrigation and overhead irrigation plots. Secondary infections always occurred adjacent to the source of inoculum and disease spread was influenced by the prevalent wind direction.

scholarly journals Biological Control of Alternaria brassicicola Causing Cabbage Black Leaf Spot Disease

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 229-230
Author(s):  
Soha Sabry ◽  
Ahmed Ali ◽  
Dawlat Abdel-Kader ◽  
Mohamed Abou-Zaid
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Alternaria Brassicicola ◽  
Leaf Spot Disease ◽  
Spot Disease ◽  
Black Leaf Spot

scholarly journals Alternaria brassicicola Causing Leaf Spot Disease on Broccoli in China

Plant Disease ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 103 (11) ◽  
pp. 2960-2960 ◽  
Author(s):  
Waheed Akram ◽  
Guihua Li ◽  
Aqeel Ahmad ◽  
Tehmina Anjum ◽  
Basharat Ali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Alternaria Brassicicola ◽  
Leaf Spot Disease ◽  
Spot Disease

scholarly journals First Report of Leaf Spot Disease Caused by Alternaria brassicicola on Broccoli in Papua New Guinea

Plant Disease ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 104 (11) ◽  
pp. 3073-3073
Author(s):  
Savitha De Britto ◽  
Debbie Kapera ◽  
Sudisha Jogaiah
Keyword(s):  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Alternaria Brassicicola ◽  
Leaf Spot Disease ◽  
First Report ◽  
Spot Disease

Dark leaf spot (Alternaria brassicicola) on Chinese cabbage: spatial patterns

2005 ◽  
Vol 56 (7) ◽  
pp. 699 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Y. Chen ◽  
T. V. Price ◽  
M. J. Silvapulle
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Cabbage ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Alternaria Brassicicola ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Distance Class ◽  
Maximum Information ◽  
Spatial Spread ◽  
Core Cluster

The spatial spread of dark leaf spot caused by Alternaria brassicicola on Chinese cabbage was characterised over 2 years. The study was conducted in 2 field trials using ordinary runs, mapping, spatial autocorrelation, and 2-dimensional distance class analyses. Diseased plants were generally clustered and cluster orientation coincided with the line of inoculation. Disease spread was greater within than across rows. The maximum number of spatial lags with significantly positive autocorrelations occurred when disease incidence levels reached 20–80% in summer 1993–94. Core cluster size generally increased with disease incidence. Two-dimensional distance class analysis was the best analytical method among those used in describing spatial spread of the disease as it did not only provide maximum information but also considered missing data.

scholarly journals First Report of Stemphylium solani as the Causal Agent of a Leaf Spot on Greenhouse Cucumber

Plant Disease ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 97 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Vakalounakis ◽  
E. A. Markakis
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Apical Cell ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Leaf Spot Disease ◽  
Pathogenicity Test ◽  
Conidial Suspension ◽  
Single Spore ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer Region ◽  
First Report

During the 2011 to 2012 crop season, a severe leaf spot disease of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) cv. Cadiz was noticed on crops in some greenhouses in the Goudouras area, Lasithi, Crete, Greece. Symptoms appeared in late winter, mainly on the leaves of the middle and upper part of the plants. Initially, small necrotic pinpoint lesions with white centers, surrounded by chlorotic halos, 1 to 3 mm in diameter, appeared on the upper leaf surfaces, and these progressively enlarged to spots that could coalesce to form nearly circular lesions up to 2 cm or more in diameter. Stemphylium-like fructifications appeared on necrotic tissue of older lesions. Severely affected leaves became chlorotic and died. No other part of the plant was affected. Small tissue pieces from the edges of lesions were surface disinfected in 0.5% NaClO for 5 min, rinsed in sterile distilled water, plated on acidified potato dextrose agar and incubated at 22 ± 0.5°C with a 12-h photoperiod. Stemphylium sp. was consistently isolated from diseased samples. Colonies showed a typical septate mycelium with the young hyphae subhyaline and gradually became greyish green to dark brown with age. Conidiophores were subhyaline to light brown, 3- to 10-septate, up to 200 μm in length, and 4 to 7 μm in width, with apical cell slightly to distinctly swollen, bearing a single spore at the apex. Conidia were muriform, mostly oblong to ovoid, but occasionally nearly globose, subhyline to variant shades of brown, mostly constricted at the median septum, 22.6 ± 6.22 (11.9 to 36.9) μm in length, and 15.1 ± 2.85 (8.3 to 22.6) μm in width, with 1 to 8 transverse and 0 to 5 longitudinal septa. DNA from a representative single-spore isolate was extracted and the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) was amplified using the universal primers ITS5 and ITS4. The PCR product was sequenced and deposited in GenBank (Accession No. JX481911). On the basis of morphological characteristics (3) and a BLAST search with 100% identity to the published ITS sequence of a S. solani isolate in GenBank (EF0767501), the fungus was identified as S. solani. Pathogenicity tests were performed by spraying a conidial suspension (105 conidia ml–1) on healthy cucumber (cv. Knossos), melon (C. melo, cv. Galia), watermelon (Citrullus lanatus cv. Crimson sweet), pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo, cv. Rigas), and sponge gourd (Luffa aegyptiaca, local variety) plants, at the 5-true-leaf stage. Disease symptoms appeared on cucumber and melon only, which were similar to those observed under natural infection conditions on cucumber. S. solani was consistently reisolated from artificially infected cucumber and melon tissues, thus confirming Koch's postulates. The pathogenicity test was repeated with similar results. In 1918, a report of a Stemphylium leaf spot of cucumber in Indiana and Ohio was attributed to Stemphylium cucurbitacearum Osner (4), but that pathogen has since been reclassified as Leandria momordicae Rangel (2). That disease was later reported from Florida (1) and net spot was suggested as a common name for that disease. For the disease reported here, we suggest the name Stemphylium leaf spot. This is the first report of a disease of cucumber caused by a species of Stemphylium. References: (1) C. H. Blazquez. Plant Dis. 67:534, 1983. (2) P. Holliday. Page 243 in: A Dictionary of Plant Pathology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1998. (3) B. S. Kim et al. Plant Pathol. J. 15:348, 1999. (4) G. A. Osner. J. Agric. Res. 13:295, 1918.

scholarly journals Screening of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata ( L.)Walp) Varieties for Resistance to Leaf Spot in Southern Guinea Savannah Agro- Ecology of Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 9-20
Author(s):  
C. Ekhuemelo ◽  
H.U. Igbor ◽  
S.J. Ocheje
Keyword(s):  
Vigna Unguiculata ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Leaf Spot Disease ◽  
Curvularia Lunata ◽  
Aspergillus Tamarii ◽  
Spot Disease ◽  
Cowpea Varieties

Five cowpea varieties (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) namely UAM 09 1055-6, UAM 09 1051-1, IT 99k-573-1-1, IT 90k-277-2 and IT 99k-573-2-1 were investigated for fungi associated with the seed, leaf spot disease incidence and severity in Makurdi (07o 45’- 7o 50’N and 08o 45’ - 08o 50’E ; 98 m)and Otobi (7°07’ - 7°11'N and 8° 05- 8°10'E) in Benue State, Nigeria under natural infection. The effect ofleaf spot incidence and severity on the growth and yield of cowpea varieties were also evaluated. Fungi associated with the seeds and leaf spot lesions were isolated and identified. Diseased leaf samples from the study locations were found to be infected with Fusarium verticillioides, Curvularia lunata, Aspergillus tamarii Kite, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Aspergillus flavus Link and Aspergillus niger van Tiegh, Pythium spp, Fusarium solani, Macrophomina phaseolina and Phoma sp. Otobi field had significantly higher incidence and severity of leaf spot disease than the Makurdi field. Cowpea variety IT 99k-573-1-1, IT 99k-573-2-1 and IT 90k-277-2 were classified as moderately resistant in Makurdi with a mean incidence of 22.23%, 16.97% and 16.67% respectively while varieties UAM 09 1051-1 and UAM 09 1055-6 were classified as Moderately susceptible and Highly susceptible with mean leaf spot incidence of 41.67% and 99.17% respectively. In Otobi, all the cowpea varieties screened were classified as Susceptible to leaf spot incidence with the exception of variety IT 90k-277-2 which was classified as moderately susceptible to leaf spot disease. Key words: Cowpea, leaf spot, screening, resistant, susceptible.

scholarly journals Ultra high diluted arsenic reduces spore germination of Alternaria brassicicola and dark leaf spot in cauliflower

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 318-325
Author(s):  
Grazia Trebbi ◽  
Paola Nipoti ◽  
Valeria Bregola ◽  
Maurizio Brizzi ◽  
Giovanni Dinelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spore Germination ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Field Trial ◽  
Alternaria Brassicicola ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Infection Level ◽  
Copper Salts ◽  
High Dilutions ◽  
Germination Experiments

ABSTRACT A major problem in cauliflower crop is the fungus Alternaria brassicicola, which causes dark leaf spot on Brassicaceae family. The current use of copper salts in agriculture is questioned. In fact, these products present some disadvantages, connected mainly with their deposits in the soil and toxicity on plants. This work investigated the effects of arsenic treatments, in ultra high diluted form (UHD), prepared by a process of repeated dilution and succussion (shaking), through: 1) in vitro germination experiments, where spores of A. brassicicola were suspended in the treatments; 2) in planta experiments and 3) a field trial, where cauliflower plants infected by the fungus were sprayed with treatments. The results showed that ultra high dilutions of arsenic (where no more molecules of this substance are present) were effective in all the experiments, inhibiting spore germination by 60.0%, controlling fungal disease in in planta experiments (relative efficacy of 42.1%), and, in field trial, decreasing the mean infection level in cauliflower heads by 45.7% and 41.6% in artificially inoculated and naturally infected plants, respectively. This is the first study to demonstrate that ultra high dilutions effectively reduce in vitro spore germination and infection of A. brassicicola in cauliflower plants, both under controlled conditions and in the field. Our research is still very experimental, however, in light of the significant results obtained with ultra-diluted arsenic, and given that its extreme high dilution level precludes any toxicity or accumulation in the environment, the use of UHDs could be considered a potential and reliable approach for sustainable agriculture.

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