curvularia lunata
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Author(s):  
MB Billah ◽  
MM Sikder ◽  
MRI Mallik ◽  
MK Hossain ◽  
N Alam

Present studies were conducted to isolate and identify the seed-borne pathogenic fungus from the selected tomato variety through morphological and molecular techniques based on the sequencing of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of 18S rDNA. According to the colony and conidial features, the fungus was identified as Curvularia sp. The obtained ITS sequencing showed above 99% similarity with Curvularia lunata in the NCBI database. The sequence of the fungus was deposited in NCBI GenBank under the accession number: ITS, MH382879.1. Besides, the phylogenetic tree further confirmed the taxonomic position of the studied fungus. Growth characteristics of the fungus on nine different fungal culture media were evaluated, in which Honey peptone agar, Carrot agar, Potato sucrose agar, and Kauffman’s agar were found the most suitable. The maximum vegetative growth of the fungus was recorded at 30°C temperature and pH conditions. The bio-control potential of five different antagonists against the studied fungus was assessed, in which Trichoderma harzianum showed the better performance to restrict mycelial growth. Three ethanolic plant extracts were also evaluated, in which Lowsonia inermis L. exhibited above 60% mycelial growth inhibition of the fungus. Among three tested fungicides, Tilt 250 EC was found as an excellent fungicide to inhibit mycelial growth of C. lunata under in vitro conditions. Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 11(2): 124-132, Dec 2021


2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Perfecto Salvador Ramos ◽  
Oliver Escaño Manangkil

Abstract High concentration of cadmium and lead are hazardous to environment. The study isolated and identified potential fungal, bacterial and hyperaccumulating plants as bioremediators in contaminated rice ecosystem. Fungi were identified morphologically and with the use of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region sequencing. Bacteria were identified using 16S ribosomal RNA sequences. Plants were analyzed for Cadmium and Lead accumulation in root and shoot tissues using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). Fungal species including Penicillium janthinellum, Trichoderma hamatum, Trichoderma harzianum, and Curvularia lunata along with bacterial species such as Bacillus cereus, Bacillus thuringiensis, Pseudomonas gessardii, Lysinibacillus xylanilyticus, Lysinibacillus sphaericus, and two species of unidentified bacteria were identified. Plants predominant in the area includes Cyperus difformis, Scirpus juncoides, Fimbristylis miliacea, Centella asiatica, Sphagneticola trilobata, and Monochoria vaginalis. Cadmium was detected in the shoots of S. trilobata (3.2 mg kg−1) and roots of C. asiatica (3.6 mg kg−1). Lead was found in the shoots of C. asiatica (2.8 mg kg−1) and roots of both S. juncoides (15.00 mg kg−1) and F. miliacea (15.00 mg kg−1). Phytoremediation potential of S. juncoides, F. miliacea, C. asiatica and S. trilobata was observed. Heavy metal resistant microbes can be harnessed as a very useful biological tool for in-situ bioremediation.


Plant Disease ◽  
2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandra M. Jimenez Madrid ◽  
Tom Allen ◽  
Amilcar Vargas ◽  
Adam Connor ◽  
Tessie Wilkerson

In July 2021, foliar symptoms characterized by small, circular, light brown to tan lesions (0.5 to 3 mm diameter) with reddish-brown margins were observed on field corn (Zea mays L.) in two commercial fields in Hinds and Marion counties, Mississippi. Disease severity ranged from 2 to 15% on observed leaves. Symptomatic leaves were sealed in plastic bags, stored on ice, and transferred to the laboratory. Lesions were cut into small sections (≈4 mm2) and surface-sterilized with 70% ethanol for 30 s then rinsed with sterile water. Sterilized sections were transferred to potato dextrose agar (PDA) amended with chloramphenicol (75 mg/liter) and streptomycin sulfate (125 mg/liter) and incubated at 25°C in the dark for 7 days. Gray to brown-black colonies with orange margins and melanized, curved conidia with three transverse septa were observed microscopically (Fig. 1; ×400). Conidia measurements ranged from 15 to 25 μm in length and 7.5 to 12.5 μm in width (x̄= 20 × 9.8 μm; n= 44). Colony and conidia morphology were consistent with previous descriptions of Curvularia lunata (Wakker) Boedijn (Mabadeje 1969; Ellis 1971). Pure cultures were obtained, and DNA was extracted from 9-day old cultures. Two isolates (TW003-21; TW008-21) were selected for sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region using ITS4 and ITS5 primers. The 530-bp consensus sequences were deposited in GenBank under the accession No. OK095277 and OK095278. BLASTn queries of NCBI GenBank showed that the sequences shared 100% identity with C. lunata isolate DMCC2087 from Louisiana (MG971304) and isolate CX-3 from China (KR633084). A pathogenicity test was performed on V4/V5 stage corn plants (Progeny 9114VT2P) grown in 10.2 cm pots in the greenhouse. Plants were transferred to a growth chamber one-week prior to inoculation. The two isolates were grown on amended PDA for 14 days at 25°C and an inoculum suspension was prepared for each isolate by rinsing culture plates with 2 ml of autoclaved reverse osmosis (RO) water amended with Tween 20 (0.01%) and re-suspended into 40 ml of RO water containing Tween 20. The final concentration was adjusted to 2.6×105 conidia/ml (TW003-21) and 2×105 conidia/ml (TW008-21). Ten corn plants were sprayed with 10 ml of inoculum suspension for each isolate using a Preval sprayer with a CO2 canister, and 10 plants were sprayed with water containing Tween 20 only. Plants were incubated in a growth chamber at ≈79% relative humidity and 25°C. Foliar symptoms including small, circular, and tan lesions, similar to those observed in the field, developed 3 days after inoculation. No symptoms were observed on control plants. Following incubation, symptomatic leaves were collected and C. lunata was re-isolated as described above. Colony, spore morphology and DNA sequences from inoculated plants were consistent with the original isolates as described above. The disease has been recently reported in Louisiana (Garcia-Aroca et al. 2018), Kentucky (Anderson et al. 2019), and Delaware (Henrickson et al. 2021). Although Curvularia leaf spot has been observed sporadically in MS corn fields since 2009 (Allen, personal communication), to our knowledge, this is the first official report of the disease in MS. While this disease has been more frequently encountered in MS, the economic impact associated with C. lunata is currently unknown. References Anderson, N. R., et al. 2019. Plant Dis. 103:2692. Chang, J., et al. 2020. J. Integr. Agr. 19:551-560. Ellis, M. B. 1971. Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, England, p. 452-458. Garcia-Aroca T., et al. 2018. Plant Health Prog. 19:140. Henrickson M., et al. 2021. Plant Dis. First Look. Mabadeje, S. A. 1969. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 52:267-271. † Indicates the corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]


2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (12) ◽  
pp. 83-88
Author(s):  
Yuvarani, R ◽  
◽  
Thiruvudainambi, S ◽  
Theradimani, M ◽  
Vanniarajan, C ◽  
...  

Grain discolouration is an important constraint in reducing productivity of rice. Curvularia lunata and Exserohilum rostratum are two important pathogens responsible for it. An in vitro study was undertaken to test the efficacy of different plant oils against these pathogens. It revealed from the experiment using poison food technique that all the plant oils recorded a significant inhibition over control. Among the different concentration (1, 2 and 3%) of plant oils such as Eucalyptus, Neem Pungam, Coconut and Mahua oil were tested. The result revealed that eucalyptus oil (3%) recorded the complete mycelial inhibition of C. lunata (100 %) and E. rostratum (78%) followed by pungam oil (58.8 % of C. lunata), (52% of E. rostratum) and least mycelial growth were recorded by coconut oil (3%). Our findings suggest that the plant oils may be valuable as potential antifungal properties against grain discolouration of rice.


2021 ◽  
pp. 7-25
Author(s):  
Louis K. Prom ◽  
Ezekiel Ahn ◽  
Thomas Isakeit ◽  
Clint Magill

The sorghum association panel was evaluated for grain mold severity, seed weight, and germination rate. The 377 accessions were inoculated with Alternaria alternata alone, a mixture of A. alternata, Fusarium thapsinum, and Curvularia lunata, and untreated water-sprayed control during 2010, 2013-2015 growing seasons at the Texas AgriLife Research Farm, Burleson County, Texas. Each accession was evaluated at least twice. Across accessions, Spearman’s rank correlation was performed for non-parametric correlation analysis for grain mold severity, seed weight, and germination rate. There were significant negative correlations between grain mold severity with seed weight and germination rate for the individual treatment and when combined. A significant positive correlation between seed weight and germination rate was observed. The results indicated that higher grain mold severity reduces both sorghum seed weight and germination rate whether deliberately inoculated with fungal pathogens or naturally infected. It can be argued that correlations from this study were more robust due to a large number of accessions from all major sorghum races used and may represent the true association among the three parameters for this pathosystem. Thus, the use of grain mold-resistant lines, resulting in sound seeds and higher germination rates is recommended.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kexin Liu ◽  
Jiaqi Jia ◽  
Nan Chen ◽  
Dandan Fu ◽  
Jiaying Sun ◽  
...  

Cochliobolus lunatus (anamorph: Curvularia lunata) is a major pathogenic fungus that causes the Curvularia leaf spot of maize. ClMAT1-1-1 and ClMAT1-2-1, the C. lunatus orthologs of Cochliobolus heterostrophus ChMAT1-1-1 and ChMAT1-2-1, were investigated in the present study to uncover their functions in C. lunatus. Southern blot analysis showed that these mating-type MAT genes exist in the C. lunatus genome as a single copy. ClMAT1-1-1 and ClMAT1-2-1 were knocked out and complemented to generate ΔClmat1-1-1 and ΔClmat1-2-1, ΔClmat1-1-1-C and ΔClmat1-2-1-C, respectively. The mutant strains had defective sexual development and failed to produce pseudothecia. There were no significant differences in growth rate or conidia production between the mutant and wild-type strains. However, the aerial mycelia and mycelial dry weight of ΔClmat1-1-1 and ΔClmat1-2-1 were lower than that of wild type, suggesting that MAT genes affect asexual development. ClMAT genes were involved in the responses to cell wall integrity and osmotic adaptation. ΔClmat1-2-1 had a lower conidial germination rate than the wild-type strain CX-3. The virulence of ΔClmat1-2-1 and ΔClmat1-1-1 was also reduced compared to the wild type. Complementary strains could restore all the phenotypes.


PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. e0257951
Author(s):  
Muhammad Fahim Abbas ◽  
Sana Batool ◽  
Sobia Khaliq ◽  
Sidra Mubeen ◽  
Azziz-ud-Din ◽  
...  

Loquat [Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl.] is an important fruit crop in Pakistan; however, a constant decline in its production is noted due biotic and abiotic stresses, particularly disease infestation. Fungal pathogens are the major disease-causing agents; therefore, their identification is necessary for devising management options. This study explored Taxila, Wah-Cantt, Tret, Chatar, Murree, Kalar-Kahar, Choa-Saidan-Shah and Khan-Pur districts in the Punjab and Khyber Paktoon Khawa (KPK) provinces of Pakistan to explore the diversity of fungal pathogens associated with loquat. The samples were collected from these districts and their microscopic characterizations were accomplished for reliable identification. Alternaria alternata, Curvularia lunata, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Aspergilus flavis, Botrytis cinerea, Chaetomium globosum, Pestalotiopsis mangiferae and Phomopsis sp. were the fungal pathogens infesting loquat in the study area. The isolates of A. alternata and C. lunata were isolated from leaf spots and fruit rot, while the isolates of L. theobromae were associated with twig dieback. The remaining pathogens were allied with fruit rot. The nucleotide evidence of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions (ITS1, 5.8S, and ITS2) were computed from all the pathogens and submitted in the database of National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). For multigene analysis, beta-tubulin (BT) gene and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) regions were explored for A. alternata and C. lunata isolates, respectively. The virulence scales of leaf spots, fruit rot, and twig dieback diseases of loquat were developed for the first time through this study. It is the first comprehensive study with morpho-molecular identification, and newly developed virulence scales of the fungal pathogens associated with loquat, which improves the understanding of these destructive diseases.


2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. 1934578X2110486
Author(s):  
Ramani H. Weerasinghe ◽  
Kasun Maduranga ◽  
Renuka N. Attanayake ◽  
Chaitrali Shevkar ◽  
Abhijeet S. Kate ◽  
...  

Endolichenic fungi (ELF) serve as a novel source of natural products with distinctive bioactivities. A total of 58 ELF isolated from 29 lichens collected from mangrove and mangrove-associated plants of Negombo lagoon, Sri Lanka were identified using morphological and DNA barcoding techniques. Ethyl acetate extracts of 18 such identified ELF isolates were subjected to in vitro assays to determine antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, tyrosinase inhibitory and antibacterial potency. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) dereplication was conducted on the crude extracts in order to detect the secondary metabolites present. The extracts of Daldinia eschscholtzii and Hypoxylon lividipigmentum had the highest radical scavenging activity with SC50 values 14.27 ± 0.24 µg/mL and 18.34 ± 1.37 µg/mL, respectively. D. eschscholtzii also exhibited remarkable anti-inflammatory activity (IC50 7.97 ± 0.09 µg/mL). Tyrosinase inhibitory activity was highest in Cytospora xylocarpi (IC50 68.50 ± 0.34 µg/mL), while the highest activity against aerobic bacterial species Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and the anaerobic bacterial strain Streptococcus mutans was observed in the extracts of Xylaria feegenesis and Curvularia lunata. After a thorough study of the LC–MS profiles, it was found that the chemical profiles of Neofusicoccum occulatum, H. lividipigmentum and Myramaececium rubricosum were previously poorly explored in the literature.


2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Siti Herlinda ◽  
Mimma Gustianingtyas ◽  
Suwandi Suwandi ◽  
Radix Suharjo ◽  
Jelly Milinia Puspita Sari ◽  
...  

Abstract Background The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a new invasive pest in Indonesia causing financial losses. S. frugiperda larvae hide in the leaf midrib all day. To overcome the hidden larvae, pathogenic endophytic fungi are needed. The objective of this research was to molecularly identify the endophytic fungal species from South Sumatra and determine the most pathogenic species against S. frugiperda larvae. Endophytic fungal identification was based on morphological and molecular characteristics. The molecular identification was based on gene sequential analysis of Intergenic Transcribed Spacer (ITS) 1 and ITS 4. Bioassay of the endophytic fungal species was treated against the 2nd larval instar of S. frugiperda. Result The results of molecular identification revealed endophytic fungal species consisted of Chaetomium sp. (GaTpeOi, JgTjPr, PiCrPga, and CaCjPga isolates), Aspergillus niger (L.) Van Tieghem (PsgTjPr, JgByU, and JaBuBys), Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (JgSPK, JaGiP, JaSpkPGA(2), JgCrJr, and JaTpOi (1) isolates), Curvularia lunata (Wakker) Boed. (JaGiPRB, CMTJP, JaMsBys, JaSpkPga(3), and JgTgSr isolates), Aspergillus flavus Link. (JgPWSR isolate), Penicillium citrinum Thom F 1539 (JaTpOi(2) isolate), and Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschn.) Sorokin (CaTpPGA isolate). All fungal isolates were deposited in the GenBank. The endophytic fungal species of B. bassiana (JgSPK isolate) caused up to (22.67%) mortality, C. lunata (JaSpkPga(3) isolate) caused (17.33%) mortality, and M. anisopliae (CaTpPga isolate) caused (8%) mortality of the pest’s larvae. First report of B. bassiana and C. lunata isolated from maize (Zea mays L.), while M. anisopliae was isolated from red chili (Capsicum annuum L.) as entomopathogenic endophytic fungi against S. frugiperda larvae in Indonesia. Conclusion The endophytic fungi species of B. bassiana, C. lunata, and M. anisopliae had potentials as entomopathogens of S. frugiperda.


Author(s):  
Tarun Kumar Jatwa S. S. Sharma ◽  
Neeraj K. Meena Irfan Khan ◽  
Roop Singh Indu

An experiment was conducted during Kahrif 2017 and Kharif 2018 at department of plant pathology, Rajasthan collage of Agriculture, Udaipur, Raj. to find out the average yield loss assessment caused due to Curvularia leaf spot of maize. During Kharif 2017 estimated average yield loss was 21.69% with 18.56 % PDI and 1032.33 kg/plot yield in protected plot similarly in Kharif 2018 yield loss was 22.49% and 992.73 kg /plot yield with 18.07% PDI. On average yield loss caused due to CLS in maize in both years was estimated 22.06%.


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