scholarly journals Wintertime aerosol dominated by solid-fuel-burning emissions across Ireland: insight into the spatial and chemical variation in submicron aerosol

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (22) ◽  
pp. 14091-14106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunshui Lin ◽  
Darius Ceburnis ◽  
Ru-Jin Huang ◽  
Wei Xu ◽  
Teresa Spohn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Source Apportionment ◽  
Solid Fuel ◽  
The Other ◽  
Carbonaceous Aerosol ◽  
Chemical Variation ◽  
Submicron Aerosol ◽  
Fuel Burning ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract. To gain insight into the spatial and chemical variation in submicron aerosol, a nationwide characterization of wintertime PM1 was performed using an aerosol chemical speciation monitor (ACSM) and aethalometer at four representative sites across Ireland. Dublin, the capital city of Ireland, was the most polluted area with an average PM1 concentration of 8.6 µg m−3, ranging from < 0.5 to 146.8 µg m−3 in December 2016. The PM1 in Dublin was mainly composed of carbonaceous aerosol (organic aerosol (OA) + black carbon (BC)), which, on average, accounted for 80 % of total PM1 mass during the monitoring period. Birr, a small town in the midlands area of Ireland with a population < 1 % of that in Dublin, showed an average PM1 concentration (4.8 µg m−3, ranging from < 0.5 to 63.0 µg m−3 in December 2015) of around half that (56 %) in Dublin. Similarly, the PM1 in Birr was also mainly composed of carbonaceous aerosol, accounting for 77 % of total PM1 mass. OA source apportionment results show that local emissions from residential heating were the dominant contributors (65 %–74 % of the OA) at the two sites, with solid fuel burning, on average, contributing 48 %–50 % of the total OA. On the other hand, Carnsore Point and Mace Head, which are both regional background coastal sites, showed lower average PM1 concentrations (2.2 µg m−3 for Carnsore Point in December 2016 and 0.7 µg m−3 for Mace Head in January 2013) due to the distance from emission sources. Both sites were dominated by secondary aerosol comprising oxygenated OA (OOA), nitrate, sulfate, and ammonium. This nationwide source apportionment study highlights the large contribution of residential solid fuel burning to urban air pollution and identifies specific sources that should be targeted to improve air quality. On the other hand, this study also shows that rural and coastal areas are dominated by secondary aerosol from regional transport, which is more difficult to tackle. Detailed characterization of the spatial and chemical variation in submicron aerosol in this relatively less studied western European region has significant implications for air quality policies and mitigation strategies, as well as for regional-transport aerosol modeling.

scholarly journals Wintertime aerosol dominated by solid fuel burning emissions across Ireland: insight into the spatial and chemical variation of submicron aerosol

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunshui Lin ◽  
Darius Ceburnis ◽  
Ru-Jin Huang ◽  
Wei Xu ◽  
Teresa Spohn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solid Fuel ◽  
Chemical Speciation ◽  
Polluted Area ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Chemical Variation ◽  
Submicron Aerosol ◽  
Fuel Burning ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract. To get an insight into the spatial and chemical variation of the submicron aerosol, a nationwide characterization of wintertime PM1 was performed using an Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSM) and Aethalometer at four representative sites across Ireland. Dublin, the capital city of Ireland, was the most polluted area with an average PM1 concentration of 8.6 μg m−3, ranging from

The Supreme Court, Ideology, and the Decision to Cite or Borrow from Amicus Curiae Briefs

2021 ◽  
pp. 1532673X2110321
Author(s):  
Kayla S. Canelo
Keyword(s):  
Interest Groups ◽  
Supreme Court ◽  
The Other ◽  
Amicus Curiae ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
Extreme Groups ◽  
Insight Into

Scholars have sought to understand the dual characterization of Supreme Court justices as both legal and political actors. One way to further uncover this complexity is to assess how the justices engage with the interest groups that file amicus curiae or “friend-of-the-Court” briefs. Scholars have revealed that the justices often “borrow language” from these briefs in their opinions. However, much less often, they cite the amici. These two uses are distinct in that one is revealed to the reader while the other is not. So which interest groups do the justices decide to cite and which do they borrow language from? I find the justices borrow more language from ideologically similar interests, but that ideology plays a less central role in the decision to cite. Specifically, I find that the justices are less likely to cite briefs filed by ideologically overt interests, but this only extends to the most ideologically “extreme” groups. Further, the justices are not more likely to cite briefs filed by interests that are ideologically similar to their own preferences. These findings provide insight into how the justices balance policy and legitimacy goals.

Growth and Characterization of Inas Quantum Dots on Silicon

1999 ◽  
Vol 583 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Hansen ◽  
A. Ankudinov ◽  
F. Bensing ◽  
J. Wagner ◽  
G. Ade ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Dots ◽  
Molecular Beam Epitaxy ◽  
Molecular Beam ◽  
The Other ◽  
Material System ◽  
Inas Quantum Dots ◽  
New Material ◽  
The One ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractUp to 1011 cm−2 InAs quantum dots (QD) can be grown on Silicon(001) by molecular beam epitaxy. This very new material system is on the one hand interesting with regard to the integration of optoelectronics with silicon technology on the other hand it offers new insight into the formation of QDs. We report on RHEED, TEM and Raman studies about (in-) coherence of the QDs and on an according to our knowledge so far unknown dewetting transition in this material system. The results are being discussed on the basis of a thermodynamic model, assuming a liquid-like behavior of a strained adlayer.

PM2.5 pollution from household solid fuel burning practices in Central India: 2. Application of receptor models for source apportionment

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeevan Lal Matawle ◽  
Shamsh Pervez ◽  
Manas Kanti Deb ◽  
Anjali Shrivastava ◽  
Suresh Tiwari
Keyword(s):  
Source Apportionment ◽  
Solid Fuel ◽  
Central India ◽  
Receptor Models ◽  
Fuel Burning

scholarly journals AIRUSE-LIFE+: a harmonized PM speciation and source apportionment in five southern European cities

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 3289-3309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fulvio Amato ◽  
Andrés Alastuey ◽  
Angeliki Karanasiou ◽  
Franco Lucarelli ◽  
Silvia Nava ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Source Apportionment ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
The Other ◽  
Saharan Dust ◽  
Industrial Emissions ◽  
Large Variability ◽  
Pm10 And Pm2.5 ◽  
Local Dust

Abstract. The AIRUSE-LIFE+ project aims at characterizing similarities and heterogeneities in particulate matter (PM) sources and contributions in urban areas from southern Europe. Once the main PMx sources are identified, AIRUSE aims at developing and testing the efficiency of specific and non-specific measures to improve urban air quality. This article reports the results of the source apportionment of PM10 and PM2.5 conducted at three urban background sites (Barcelona, Florence and Milan, BCN-UB, FI-UB and MLN-UB), one suburban background site (Athens, ATH-SUB) and one traffic site (Porto, POR-TR). After collecting 1047 PM10 and 1116 PM2.5 24 h samples during 12 months (from January 2013 on) simultaneously at the five cities, these were analysed for the contents of OC, EC, anions, cations, major and trace elements and levoglucosan. The USEPA PMF5 receptor model was applied to these data sets in a harmonized way for each city. The sum of vehicle exhaust (VEX) and non-exhaust (NEX) contributes between 3.9 and 10.8 µg m−3 (16–32 %) to PM10 and 2.3 and 9.4 µg m−3 (15–36 %) to PM2.5, although a fraction of secondary nitrate is also traffic-related but could not be estimated. Important contributions arise from secondary particles (nitrate, sulfate and organics) in PM2.5 (37–82 %) but also in PM10 (40–71 %), mostly at background sites, revealing the importance of abating gaseous precursors in designing air quality plans. Biomass burning (BB) contributions vary widely, from 14–24 % of PM10 in POR-TR, MLN-UB and FI-UB, 7 % in ATH-SUB, to  <  2 % in BCN-UB. In PM2.5, BB is the second most important source in MLN-UB (21 %) and in POR-TR (18 %), the third one in FI-UB (21 %) and ATH-SUB (11 %), but is again negligible (< 2 %) in BCN-UB. This large variability among cities is mostly due to the degree of penetration of biomass for residential heating. In Barcelona natural gas is very well supplied across the city and is used as fuel in 96 % of homes, while in other cities, PM levels increase on an annual basis by 1–9 µg m−3 due to biomass burning influence. Other significant sources are the following. – Local dust, 7–12 % of PM10 at SUB and UB sites and 19 % at the TR site, revealing a contribution from road dust resuspension. In PM2.5 percentages decrease to 2–7 % at SUB-UB sites and 15 % at the TR site. – Industry, mainly metallurgy, contributing 4–11 % of PM10 (5–12 % in PM2.5), but only at BCN-UB, POR-TR and MLN-UB. No clear impact of industrial emissions was found in FI-UB and ATH-SUB. – Natural contributions from sea salt (13 % of PM10 in POR-TR, but only 2–7 % in the other cities) and Saharan dust (14 % in ATH-SUB, but less than 4 % in the other cities). During high pollution days, the largest sources (i.e. excluding secondary aerosol factors) of PM10 and PM2.5 are VEX + NEX in BCN-UB (27–22 %) and POR-TR (31–33 %), BB in FI-UB (30–33 %) and MLN-UB (35–26 %) and Saharan dust in ATH-SUB (52–45 %). During those days, there are also quite important industrial contributions in BCN-UB (17–18 %) and local dust in POR-TR (28–20 %).

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