scholarly journals Emissions of NO, NO<sub>2</sub>, and PM from inland water transportation

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralf Kurtenbach ◽  
Kai Vaupel ◽  
Jörg Kleffmann ◽  
Ulrich Klenk ◽  
Eberhard Schmidt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lower Limit ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
River Rhine ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Threshold Values ◽  
Inland Water ◽  
Operation Conditions ◽  
Mobile Sources ◽  
Water Transportation ◽  
Key Species

Abstract. Particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen oxides NOx (NOx = NO2 + NO) are key species for urban air quality in Europe and are emitted by mobile sources. According to European recommendations, a significant fraction of road freight should be shifted to waterborne transport in the future. In order to better consider this changed emission pattern in future emission inventories, in the present study, inland water transport emissions of NOx, CO2 and PM were investigated under real world conditions at the river Rhine, Germany in 2013. An average NO2/NOx emission ratio of 0.08 ± 0.02 was obtained, which is indicative of ship diesel engines without after-treatment systems. For all measured motor ship types and operation conditions overall weighted average emission indices of EINOx = 54 &amp;pm; 4 g/kg and a lower limit EIPM1 = ≥ 2.0 &amp;pm; 0.3 g/kg were obtained. EIs for NOx and PM1 were found to be in the range of 20–161 g kg−1 and ≥ 0.2–8.1 g kg−1, respectively. A comparison with threshold values of national German guidelines shows that the NOx emissions of all investigated motor ship types are above the threshold values, while the obtained lower limit PM1 emissions just within. To reduce NOx emissions to acceptable values, implementation of after-treatment systems is recommended.

scholarly journals Emissions of NO, NO<sub>2</sub> and PM from inland shipping

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (22) ◽  
pp. 14285-14295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralf Kurtenbach ◽  
Kai Vaupel ◽  
Jörg Kleffmann ◽  
Ulrich Klenk ◽  
Eberhard Schmidt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lower Limit ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
River Rhine ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Threshold Values ◽  
Operation Conditions ◽  
Exhaust Gas Aftertreatment ◽  
Key Species ◽  
Aftertreatment Systems

Abstract. Particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen oxides NOx (NOx =  NO2+ NO) are key species for urban air quality in Europe and are emitted by mobile sources. According to European recommendations, a significant fraction of road freight should be shifted to waterborne transport in the future. In order to better consider this emission change pattern in future emission inventories, in the present study inland water transport emissions of NOx, CO2 and PM were investigated under real world conditions on the river Rhine, Germany, in 2013. An average NO2 ∕ NOx emission ratio of 0.08 ± 0.02 was obtained, which is indicative of ship diesel engines without exhaust gas aftertreatment systems. For all measured motor ship types and operation conditions, overall weighted average emission indices (EIs), as emitted mass of pollutant per kg burnt fuel of EINOx =  54 ± 4 g kg−1 and a lower limit EIPM1 ≥  2.0 ± 0.3 g kg−1, were obtained. EIs for NOx and PM1 were found to be in the range of 20–161 and  ≥  0.2–8.1 g kg−1 respectively. A comparison with threshold values of national German guidelines shows that the NOx emissions of all investigated motor ship types are above the threshold values, while the obtained lower limit PM1 emissions are just under. To reduce NOx emissions to acceptable values, implementation of exhaust gas aftertreatment systems is recommended.

Comment: inland water transportation in medieval England

1993 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Frederick Edwards ◽  
Brian Paul Hindle
Keyword(s):  
Medieval England ◽  
Inland Water ◽  
Water Transportation

scholarly journals A multi-layered image format for the web with an adaptive layer selection algorithm

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-197
Author(s):  
Milan Tair ◽  
Aleksandar Mihajlovic ◽  
Nikola Savanovic ◽  
Marko Sarac
Keyword(s):  
Weighted Average ◽  
Threshold Values ◽  
Selection Algorithm ◽  
Multiple Image ◽  
Average Brightness ◽  
Activation Conditions ◽  
Image Format ◽  
Background Brightness ◽  
Font Color ◽  
The Web

In this paper we present a proposed multi-layered image format for use on the web. The format implements an algorithm for selecting adequate layer images depending on the image container's surroundings and size. The layer selection depends on the weighted average brightness of the underlying web page background within the bounds of the image. The proposed image format supports multiple image layers with adjoined thresholds and activation conditions. Depending on these conditions and the underlying background, a layer's visibility will be adequately set. The selection algorithm takes into account the background brightness, each layer's adjoined threshold values, and other newly introduced layer conditions. <br><br><font color="red"><b> This article has been corrected. Link to the correction <u><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/SJEE1803371E">10.2298/SJEE1803371E</a><u></b></font>

Development, Testing and Implementation of Automated Biotests for the Monitoring of the River Rhine, Demonstrated by Bacteria and Algae Tests

1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 215-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Schmitz ◽  
F. Krebs ◽  
U. Irmer
Keyword(s):  
Field Trials ◽  
River Rhine ◽  
Mobile Laboratory ◽  
Threshold Values ◽  
Joint Research ◽  
Scientific Institutions ◽  
Joint Research Project ◽  
Water Conditions ◽  
Effect Concentration ◽  
Test Organisms

A joint research project for the development, testing and implementation of automated biotests, capable of rapidly detecting acutely toxic water conditions of the River Rhine, was carried out by several administrative and scientific institutions in Germany. Automated biomonitors working with the test organisms bacteria, algae, water fleas, mussels, and fishes were tested and compared with respect to their sensitivity, reliability, and practical handling under field conditions. Field trials with atrazine and sodium pentachlorophenolate as toxicants were performed on the River Rhine. Threshold values and LOEC-values (Lowest observed effect concentration) were determined to compare the test specific sensitivity of the test systems. From 1990 to 1992 various biomonitors were tested in monitoring stations on the river Rhine and in a mobile laboratory container on the rivers Rhine and Main. Results of bacteria and algae tests are presented.

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