scholarly journals A multi-layered image format for the web with an adaptive layer selection algorithm

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-197
Author(s):  
Milan Tair ◽  
Aleksandar Mihajlovic ◽  
Nikola Savanovic ◽  
Marko Sarac
Keyword(s):  
Weighted Average ◽  
Threshold Values ◽  
Selection Algorithm ◽  
Multiple Image ◽  
Average Brightness ◽  
Activation Conditions ◽  
Image Format ◽  
Background Brightness ◽  
Font Color ◽  
The Web

In this paper we present a proposed multi-layered image format for use on the web. The format implements an algorithm for selecting adequate layer images depending on the image container's surroundings and size. The layer selection depends on the weighted average brightness of the underlying web page background within the bounds of the image. The proposed image format supports multiple image layers with adjoined thresholds and activation conditions. Depending on these conditions and the underlying background, a layer's visibility will be adequately set. The selection algorithm takes into account the background brightness, each layer's adjoined threshold values, and other newly introduced layer conditions. <br><br><font color="red"><b> This article has been corrected. Link to the correction <u><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/SJEE1803371E">10.2298/SJEE1803371E</a><u></b></font>

scholarly journals Corrigendum for the paper: A Multi-Layered Image Format for the Web with an Adaptive Layer Selection Algorithm

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-371
Author(s):  
E Editorial
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Engineering ◽  
Scientific Conference ◽  
Selection Algorithm ◽  
Related Research ◽  
Image Format ◽  
Font Color ◽  
The Web

Editor-in-Chief of Serbian Journal of Electrical Engineering1 requests to correct the first page of the paper A Multi-Layered Image Format for the Web with an Adaptive Layer Selection Algorithm by Milan Tair, Aleksandar Mihajlovic, Nikola Savanovic, Marko Sarac published in the Serbian journal of Electrical Engineering, Vol. 14, No. 2, June 2017, pp. 177 - 197, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2298/SJEE161010001T, since the text is missing in the footnote. The missing text is: An earlier version of this paper was presented at the International Scientific Conference on ICT AND E-Business Related Research, SINTEZA 2016, April 22, 2016 at Singidunum University in Belgrade, Serbia. <br><br><font color="red"><b> Link to the corrected article <u><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/SJEE161010001T">10.2298/SJEE161010001T</a></b></u>

scholarly journals Emissions of NO, NO<sub>2</sub>, and PM from inland water transportation

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralf Kurtenbach ◽  
Kai Vaupel ◽  
Jörg Kleffmann ◽  
Ulrich Klenk ◽  
Eberhard Schmidt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lower Limit ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
River Rhine ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Threshold Values ◽  
Inland Water ◽  
Operation Conditions ◽  
Mobile Sources ◽  
Water Transportation ◽  
Key Species

Abstract. Particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen oxides NOx (NOx = NO2 + NO) are key species for urban air quality in Europe and are emitted by mobile sources. According to European recommendations, a significant fraction of road freight should be shifted to waterborne transport in the future. In order to better consider this changed emission pattern in future emission inventories, in the present study, inland water transport emissions of NOx, CO2 and PM were investigated under real world conditions at the river Rhine, Germany in 2013. An average NO2/NOx emission ratio of 0.08 ± 0.02 was obtained, which is indicative of ship diesel engines without after-treatment systems. For all measured motor ship types and operation conditions overall weighted average emission indices of EINOx = 54 &amp;pm; 4 g/kg and a lower limit EIPM1 = ≥ 2.0 &amp;pm; 0.3 g/kg were obtained. EIs for NOx and PM1 were found to be in the range of 20–161 g kg−1 and ≥ 0.2–8.1 g kg−1, respectively. A comparison with threshold values of national German guidelines shows that the NOx emissions of all investigated motor ship types are above the threshold values, while the obtained lower limit PM1 emissions just within. To reduce NOx emissions to acceptable values, implementation of after-treatment systems is recommended.

scholarly journals Summary Verification Measures and Their Interpretation for Ensemble Forecasts

2011 ◽  
Vol 139 (9) ◽  
pp. 3075-3089 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Allen Bradley ◽  
Stuart S. Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
Weighted Average ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Skill Score ◽  
Ensemble Forecast ◽  
Ensemble Prediction ◽  
Threshold Values ◽  
Ensemble Forecasts ◽  
Ensemble Prediction System ◽  
Prediction Systems ◽  
Forecast Quality

Ensemble prediction systems produce forecasts that represent the probability distribution of a continuous forecast variable. Most often, the verification problem is simplified by transforming the ensemble forecast into probability forecasts for discrete events, where the events are defined by one or more threshold values. Then, skill is evaluated using the mean-square error (MSE; i.e., Brier) skill score for binary events, or the ranked probability skill score (RPSS) for multicategory events. A framework is introduced that generalizes this approach, by describing the forecast quality of ensemble forecasts as a continuous function of the threshold value. Viewing ensemble forecast quality this way leads to the interpretation of the RPSS and the continuous ranked probability skill score (CRPSS) as measures of the weighted-average skill over the threshold values. It also motivates additional measures, derived to summarize other features of a continuous forecast quality function, which can be interpreted as descriptions of the function’s geometric shape. The measures can be computed not only for skill, but also for skill score decompositions, which characterize the resolution, reliability, discrimination, and other aspects of forecast quality. Collectively, they provide convenient metrics for comparing the performance of an ensemble prediction system at different locations, lead times, or issuance times, or for comparing alternative forecasting systems.

An Improved Web Page Recommendation Technique for Better Surfing Experience

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Rajnikant Bhagwan Wagh ◽  
Jayantrao Bhaurao Patil
Keyword(s):  
Web Site ◽  
Recommendation System ◽  
Information Overload ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Relationship Matrix ◽  
Web Pages ◽  
Threshold Values ◽  
Web Page ◽  
Clustering And Classification ◽  
The Web

Recommendation systems are growing very rapidly. While surfing, users frequently miss the goal of their search and lost in information overload problem. To overcome this information overload problem, the authors have proposed a novel web page recommendation system to save surfing time of user. The users are analyzed when they surf through a particular web site. Authors have used relationship matrix and frequency matrix for effectively finding the connectivity among the web pages of similar users. These webpages are divided into various clusters using enhanced graph based partitioning concept. Authors classify active users more accurately to found clusters. Threshold values are used in both clustering and classification stages for more appropriate results. Experimental results show that authors get around 61% accuracy, 37% coverage and 46% F1 measure. It helps in improved surfing experience of users.

Video Annotation by Using Heterogeneous Multiple Image Groups on the Web

2014 ◽  
Vol 36 (10) ◽  
pp. 2062-2069 ◽  
Author(s):  
Han WANG ◽  
Xin-Xiao WU ◽  
Yun-De JIA
Keyword(s):  
Video Annotation ◽  
Multiple Image ◽  
The Web

scholarly journals Emissions of NO, NO<sub>2</sub> and PM from inland shipping

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (22) ◽  
pp. 14285-14295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralf Kurtenbach ◽  
Kai Vaupel ◽  
Jörg Kleffmann ◽  
Ulrich Klenk ◽  
Eberhard Schmidt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lower Limit ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
River Rhine ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Threshold Values ◽  
Operation Conditions ◽  
Exhaust Gas Aftertreatment ◽  
Key Species ◽  
Aftertreatment Systems

Abstract. Particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen oxides NOx (NOx =  NO2+ NO) are key species for urban air quality in Europe and are emitted by mobile sources. According to European recommendations, a significant fraction of road freight should be shifted to waterborne transport in the future. In order to better consider this emission change pattern in future emission inventories, in the present study inland water transport emissions of NOx, CO2 and PM were investigated under real world conditions on the river Rhine, Germany, in 2013. An average NO2 ∕ NOx emission ratio of 0.08 ± 0.02 was obtained, which is indicative of ship diesel engines without exhaust gas aftertreatment systems. For all measured motor ship types and operation conditions, overall weighted average emission indices (EIs), as emitted mass of pollutant per kg burnt fuel of EINOx =  54 ± 4 g kg−1 and a lower limit EIPM1 ≥  2.0 ± 0.3 g kg−1, were obtained. EIs for NOx and PM1 were found to be in the range of 20–161 and  ≥  0.2–8.1 g kg−1 respectively. A comparison with threshold values of national German guidelines shows that the NOx emissions of all investigated motor ship types are above the threshold values, while the obtained lower limit PM1 emissions are just under. To reduce NOx emissions to acceptable values, implementation of exhaust gas aftertreatment systems is recommended.

scholarly journals Characteristics of VIRS Signals within Pixels of TRMM PR for Warm Rain in the Tropics and Subtropics

2017 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 789-801 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yilun Chen ◽  
Yunfei Fu
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission ◽  
Low Resolution ◽  
Clear Sky ◽  
Data Merging ◽  
Brightness Temperatures ◽  
Average Brightness ◽  
Warm Rain ◽  
The Tropics

AbstractMany data-merging studies of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite involve the integration of high-resolution Visible and Infrared Scanner (VIRS) signals (~2 km) with low-resolution Precipitation Radar (PR) footprint (~5 km) to obtain comprehensive information from observations. Based on the merged dataset, “warm rain” is generally identified as having averaging 10.8-μm brightness temperatures (TB10.8) exceeding 273 K and the existence of surface rainfall. However, this integration may lead to the misidentification of warm rain because the beam-filling problem (nonuniform TB10.8 in PR pixels) is not fully considered through the method using high-resolution TB10.8 to match low-resolution rainfall. To assess the bias that is associated with identifying warm rain, a new dataset that includes all VIRS signals within the PR resolution is established, and the characteristics of this warm rain in the summers of 1998–2012 are analyzed. The results show that clear-sky pixels and “cold” pixels probably exist in some apparent warm-rain cases (60.5% and 11.2% of the time, respectively). According to this finding, warm-rain pixels are divided into pixels with and without clear sky. Statistical analysis shows that the existence of clear-sky pixels has a huge influence on the characteristics of the warm-rain pixels. The implications of this study are that many of the warm-rain cases are in fact not warm rain. When studying warm rain, the situation whereby the edges of pixels are clear sky should be fully considered. Also, when computing the weighted average brightness temperature and other characteristics of warm-rain pixels, parts that are clear-sky or cold pixels should be expelled to mitigate beam-filling problems.

scholarly journals K-Modes Clustering Algorithm Based on Weighted Overlap Distance and Its Application in Intrusion Detection

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Yawen Dai ◽  
Guanghui Yuan ◽  
Zhaoyuan Yang ◽  
Bin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Intrusion Detection ◽  
Intrusion Detection System ◽  
Clustering Algorithm ◽  
Rough Set Theory ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Average Density ◽  
Selection Algorithm ◽  
Detection Model ◽  
Kdd Cup 99

In order to better apply the K-modes algorithm to intrusion detection, this paper overcomes the problems of the existing K-modes algorithm based on rough set theory. Firstly, for the problem of K-modes clustering in the initial class center selection, an initial class center selection algorithm Ini_Weight based on weighted density and weighted overlap distance is proposed. Secondly, based on the Ini_Weight algorithm, a new K-modes clustering algorithm WODKM based on weighted overlap distance is proposed. Thirdly, the WODKM clustering algorithm is applied to intrusion detection to obtain a new unsupervised intrusion detection model. The model detects the intrusion by dividing the clusters in the clustering result into normal clusters and abnormal clusters and analyzing the weighted average density of the object x to be detected in each cluster and the weighted overlapping distance of x and each center point. We verified the intrusion detection performance of the model on the KDD Cup 99 dataset. The experimental results of the current study show that the proposed intrusion detection model achieves efficient results and solves the problems existing in the present-day intrusion detection system to some extent.

scholarly journals A Measurement of the Sky Brightness Temperature at 408 MHz

1969 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 641 ◽  
Author(s):  
RM Price
Keyword(s):  
Brightness Temperature ◽  
Resistive Load ◽  
Absolute Value ◽  
Average Brightness ◽  
Northern Latitudes ◽  
Celestial Pole ◽  
Northern Regions ◽  
Average Brightness Temperature ◽  
Receiver Input ◽  
Background Brightness

The absolute value of the background brightness temperature has been measured at a radiofrequency of 408 MHz. Observations were made with a large pyramidal "standard gain" horn aerial and the aerial temperatures were compared direct with the temperature observed with the receiver input connected to a matched resistive load of known temperature. For the region within 240 of the south celestial pole an average brightness temperature of 23� 9�K was obtained. Observations of northern regions indicate that values from previous determinations at northern latitudes are 4-5 degK too high.

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