Reviewer comments on the paper "Aerosol-induced high precipitation events near the Himalayan foothills"

Abstract. Particulate emissions can alter the physical and dynamical properties of cloud systems and, in turn, amplify rainfall events over orographic regions downwind of highly polluted urban areas. The Indo-Gangetic Plain, one of the most polluted regions of the world, is located upwind of the Himalayan foothills. The region, therefore, provides an opportunity for studying how aerosol effects, in connection with orographic forcing, affect extreme rainfall events. This study uses 17 years (2001–2017) of observed rain rate, aerosol optical depth (AOD), meteorological reanalysis fields and outgoing long-wave radiation to investigate high precipitation events on the foothills of the Himalayas. Composite analysis of all these co-located data sets for high precipitation events (daily rainfall > 95th percentile) is done to understand the inherent dynamics and linkages between the AOD and extreme events. Clear and robust associations are found between high precipitation events, high aerosol loading and high moist static energy values. Results show an average increase in AOD by 36 %, along with an average increase in low-level moist static energy (1000–850 hPa) by ≈ 1500 J kg−1 inside the selected domain for high precipitation events. The finding highlights the crucial role of the aerosol direct radiative effect on high precipitation events over the Himalayan region.

Download Full-text

Aerosol-induced high precipitation events near the Himalayan foothills

10.5194/acp-2020-440 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Goutam Choudhury ◽

Bhishma Tyagi ◽

Naresh Krishna Vissa ◽

Jyotsna Singh ◽

Chandan Sarangi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Urban Areas ◽

Daily Rainfall ◽

Longwave Radiation ◽

Particulate Emissions ◽

Extreme Rainfall Events ◽

Rainfall Events ◽

Himalayan Foothills ◽

High Precipitation Events ◽

High Precipitation ◽

Precipitation Events

Abstract. Particulate emissions can alter the physical and dynamical properties of cloud systems and in turn amplify rainfall events over orographic regions downwind of highly polluted urban areas. The Indo-Gangetic Plains, one of the most polluted regions of the world, is located upwind of Himalayan foothills. The region, therefore, provides an opportunity for studying how aerosol effects in connection with orographic forcing affect extreme rainfall events. This study uses 17-years (2001–2017) of observed rain rate, aerosol optical depth (AOD), meteorological re-analysis fields, and outgoing longwave radiation to investigate high precipitation events at the foothills of the Himalayas. Composite analysis of all these collocated datasets for high precipitation events (daily rainfall > 95 percentile) is done to understand the inherent dynamics and linkages between AOD and extreme events. Clear and robust associations are found between high precipitation events, high aerosol loading and high moist static energy values. This finding highlights the crucial role of the aerosol direct radiative effect on high precipitation events over the Himalayan region.

Download Full-text

The influence of plant mulches on the content of phenolic compounds in soil and primary weed infestation of maize

Acta Agrobotanica ◽

10.5586/aa.2008.049 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 61 (2) ◽

pp. 205-219 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Agnieszka Stokłosa ◽

Tomasz Hura ◽

Ewa Stupnicka-Rodzynkiewicz ◽

Teresa Dąbkowska ◽

Andrzej Lepiarczyk

Keyword(s):

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Phenolic Acids ◽

Spring Barley ◽

Rapid Decrease ◽

Infestation Level ◽

Control Soil ◽

Weed Infestation ◽

High Precipitation Events ◽

High Precipitation ◽

Precipitation Events

In growing maize, an increase in the content of phenolic compounds and selected phenolic acids in soil was found after the incorporation of white mustard, buckwheat, spring barley, oats and rye mulches into the soil. The highest content of phenolic compounds in soil was found after oats mulch incorporation (20% more than in the control soil). The highest content of selected phenolic acids was found for the soil with the oats and rye mulch. Among the phenolic acids investigated, ferulic acid was most commonly found in the soil with the plant mulches. However, two phenolic acids: the protocatechuic and chlorogenic acid, were not detected in any soil samples (neither in the control soil nor in the mulched soil). At the same time, a decrease in the primary weed infestation level in maize was found in the plots with all the applied plant mulches, especially on the plots with oats, barley and mustard. The plant mulches were more inhibitory against monocotyledonous weeds than dicotyledonous ones. During high precipitation events and wet weather, a rapid decrease in the content of phenolic compounds in soil and an increase in the primary weed infestation level in maize were observed.

Download Full-text

Late Holocene high precipitation events recorded in lake sediments and catchment geomorphology, Lake Vuoksjávrátje, NW Sweden

Boreas ◽

10.1111/bor.12127 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 44 (4) ◽

pp. 676-692 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Annika Berntsson ◽

Krister N. Jansson ◽

Malin E. Kylander ◽

Francois De Vleeschouwer ◽

Sebastien Bertrand

Keyword(s):

Lake Sediments ◽

Late Holocene ◽

High Precipitation Events ◽

High Precipitation ◽

Precipitation Events

Download Full-text

A climatological analysis of high-precipitation events in Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, and associated large-scale atmospheric conditions

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres ◽

10.1002/2014jd022259 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 119 (21) ◽

pp. 11,932-11,954 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Christoph Welker ◽

Olivia Martius ◽

Paul Froidevaux ◽

Carleen H. Reijmer ◽

Hubertus Fischer

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Atmospheric Conditions ◽

Dronning Maud Land ◽

High Precipitation Events ◽

High Precipitation ◽

Precipitation Events

Download Full-text

Evaluation of Seasonal and Synoptic Changes in Snow Accumulation in Antarctica between Five Reanalyses Products and In Situ Observations

Atmosphere ◽

10.3390/atmos9120473 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 9 (12) ◽

pp. 473

Author(s):

Yihui Liu ◽

Fei Li ◽

Weifeng Hao

Keyword(s):

Mass Balance ◽

Snow Accumulation ◽

The Other ◽

Surface Mass Balance ◽

Surface Mass ◽

In Situ Observations ◽

High Precipitation Events ◽

High Precipitation ◽

Precipitation Events

The performance of recent reanalysis products (i.e., ERA-Interim, NCEP2, MERRA, CFSR, and JRA-55) was evaluated based on in situ observations from nine automatic weather stations and one stake network to investigate the monthly and seasonal variability of the surface mass balance in Antarctica. Synoptic precipitation simulations were also evaluated by an investigation of high precipitation events. The seasonal variations showed large fluctuations and were inconsistent at each station, probably owing to the large interannual variability of snow accumulation based on the short temporal coverage of the data. The ERA-Interim and JRA-55 datasets revealed better simulated precision, with the other three models presenting similar simulations at monthly and seasonal timescales. The JRA-55 dataset captured a greater number of synoptic high precipitation events at four of the nine stations. Such events at the other five stations were mainly captured by ERA and CFSR. The NCEP2 dataset was more weakly correlated with each station on all timescales. These results indicate that significant monthly or seasonal correlations between in situ observations and the models had little effect on the capability of the reanalyses to capture high precipitation events. The precision of the five reanalysis datasets widely fluctuated in specific regions or at specific stations at different timescales. Great caution is needed when using a single reanalysis dataset to assess the surface mass balance over all of Antarctica.

Download Full-text

Field and modelling investigations of fresh-water plume behaviour in response to infrequent high-precipitation events, Sydney Estuary, Australia

Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science ◽

10.1016/j.ecss.2011.01.013 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 92 (3) ◽

pp. 389-402 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Serena B. Lee ◽

Gavin F. Birch ◽

Charles J. Lemckert

Keyword(s):

Fresh Water ◽

Sydney Estuary ◽

High Precipitation Events ◽

High Precipitation ◽

Precipitation Events

Download Full-text

Hydrological Analysis of Extreme Rain Events in a Medium-Sized Basin

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11114901 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 4901

Author(s):

Sofia Sarchani ◽

Frezer Seid Awol ◽

Ioannis Tsanis

Keyword(s):

Flood Hazard ◽

Model Verification ◽

Antecedent Moisture ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

High Precipitation Events ◽

High Precipitation ◽

Rain Events ◽

Error Index ◽

Moisture Conditions ◽

Precipitation Events

The hydrological response of a medium-sized watershed with both rural and urban characteristics was investigated through event-based modeling. Different meteorological event conditions were examined, such as events of high precipitation intensity, double hydrological peak, and mainly normal to wet antecedent moisture conditions. Analysis of the hydrometric features of the precipitation events was conducted by comparing the different rainfall time intervals, the total volume of water, and the precedent soil moisture. Parameter model calibration and validation were performed for rainfall events under similar conditions, examined in pairs, in order to verify two hydrological models, the lumped HEC-HMS (Hydrologic Engineering Center’s Hydrologic Modeling System model) and the semi-distributed HBV-light (a recent version of Hydrologiska Byråns Vattenbalansavdelning model), at the exit of six individual gauged sub-basins. Model verification was achieved by using the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency and volume error index. Different time of concentration (Tc) formulas are better applied to the sub-watersheds with respect to the dominant land uses, classifying the Tc among the most sensitive parameters that influence the time of appearance and the magnitude of the peak modeled flow through the HEC-HMS model. The maximum water content of the soil box (FC) affects most the peak flow via the HBV-light model, whereas the MAXBAS parameter has the greatest effect on the displayed time of peak discharge. The modeling results show that the HBV-light performed better in the events that had less precipitation volume compared to their pairs. The event with the higher total precipitated water produced better results with the HEC-HMS model, whereas the rest of the two high precipitation events performed satisfactorily with both models. April to July is a flood hazard period that will be worsened with the effect of climate change. The suggested calibrated parameters for severe precipitation events can be used for the prediction of future events with similar features. The above results can be used in the water resources management of the basin.

Download Full-text