Field surveys and numerical modeling of the December 2018 Anak Krakatau volcanic tsunami

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Heidarzadeh ◽  
Purna Sulastya Putra ◽  
Abdul Muhari ◽  
Septriono Hari Nugroho
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Modeling ◽  
Source Model ◽  
Tsunami Source ◽  
Tsunami Height ◽  
Tsunami Inundation ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
Source Models ◽  
Krakatau Volcano ◽  
Source Dimension ◽  
Maximum Tsunami Height

<p>We report results of field surveys and numerical modeling of the tsunami generated by the Anak Krakatau volcano eruption on 22 December 2018. We conducted two sets of field surveys of the coastal areas destroyed by the Anak Krakatau tsunami in 26-30 December 2018 and 4-10 January 2020. Field surveys provided information about the maximum tsunami height as well as the most damaged area. The maximum tsunami height was up to 13 m. Most locations registered a wave height of 3-4 m. Tsunami inundation was limited to approximately 100 m. For modeling, we considered 12 source models and conducted numerical modeling. The scenarios have source dimensions of 1.5–4 km and initial tsunami amplitudes of 10–200 m. By comparing observed and simulated waveforms, we constrained the tsunami source dimension and initial amplitude in the ranges of 1.5–2.5 km and 100–150 m, respectively. The best source model involves potential energy of 7.14 × 10<sup>13</sup>–1.05 × 10<sup>14</sup> J which is equivalent to an earthquake of magnitude 6.0–6.1.</p>

scholarly journals Tsunami Inundation Mapping in Lima, for Two Tsunami Source Scenarios

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 274-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Adriano ◽  
◽  
Erick Mas ◽  
Shunichi Koshimura ◽  
Yushiro Fujii ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Modeling ◽  
Remote Sensing Data ◽  
Source Model ◽  
Disaster Mitigation ◽  
Tsunami Source ◽  
Tsunami Inundation ◽  
Maximum Extension ◽  
Tsunami Disaster ◽  
Inundation Mapping ◽  
Runup Height

Within the framework of the project Enhancement of Earthquake and Tsunami Disaster Mitigation Technology in Peru (JST-JICA SATREPS), this study determines tsunami inundation mapping for the coastal area of Lima city, based on numerical modeling and two different tsunami seismic scenarios. Additionally, remote sensing data and geographic information system (GIS) analysis are incorporated in order to improve the accuracy of numerical modeling results. Moreover, tsunami impact is evaluated through application of a tsunami casualty index (TCI) using tsunami modeling results. Numerical results, in terms of maximum tsunami depth, show a maximum inundation height of 6 m and 15.8 m for a potential scenario (first source model) and for a past scenario (second source model), respectively. In terms of inundation area, the maximum extension is 1.3 km with a runup height of 5.3 m for the first scenario. The maximum extension is 2.1 km with a runup height of 11.4 m for the second scenario. The average TCI value obtained for the first scenario is 0.36 for the whole inundation domain. The second scenario gives a mean value of 0.64, where TCI equal to 1.00 represents the highest condition of risk. The results presented in this paper provide important information about understanding tsunami inundation features and, consequently, may be useful in designing an adequate tsunami evacuation plan for Lima city.

UNCERTAINTY ASSESSMENT OF TSUNAMI HEIGHT FOR FUTURE NANKAI-TONANKAI EARTHQUAKES USING STOCHASTIC TSUNAMI SOURCE MODELS

2021 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. I_181-I_186
Author(s):  
Takuya MIYASHITA ◽  
Kazuki KURATA ◽  
Tomohiro YASUDA ◽  
Nobuhito MORI ◽  
Tomoya SHIMURA
Keyword(s):  
Uncertainty Assessment ◽  
Tsunami Source ◽  
Tsunami Height ◽  
Source Models

scholarly journals Field Survey of Tsunami Heights and Runups Following the 22 December 2018 Anak Krakatau Volcano Tsunami, Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 177 (10) ◽  
pp. 4577-4595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Heidarzadeh ◽  
Purna Sulastya Putra ◽  
Septriono Hari Nugroho ◽  
Doud Ben Zubair Rashid
Keyword(s):  
Rare Event ◽  
Tsunami Height ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
Tsunami Runup ◽  
Tsunami Risk ◽  
Western Shore ◽  
Wave Heights ◽  
One Year ◽  
Instrumental Records ◽  
Krakatau Volcano

Abstract The 22 December 2018 Anak Karakatau tsunami in Indonesia was a rare event in that few instrumental records existed of tsunamis generated by volcanic sources before this event. The tsunami, which left a death toll of 437, is of global importance as it provides opportunities to develop knowledge on generation, propagation and coastal effects of volcanic tsunamis. Here, we report results of field surveys along the coast of the Sunda Strait, Indonesia to study tsunami wave heights and coastal damage. We surveyed 29 locations and measured ranges of tsunami runup from 0.9 to 5.2 m, tsunami heights from 1.4 to 6.3 m, flow depths from 0.2 m to 3.0 m and inundation distances from 18 to 212 m. The largest tsunami heights and concentration of damage and fatalities occurred on the western shore of Java from Tanjung Lesung to Sumur. The largest cluster of fatalities occurred at Tanjung Lesung, where more than 50 people died while attending an outdoor music being held at the shoreline. The tsunami runup and tsunami height in Tanjung Lesung were 4.0 and 2.9–3.8 m, respectively. We believe this tragedy could have been avoided if the event organizers were more aware of the hazard posed by the Anak Krakatau volcano, as it had been actively erupting for several months prior to the tsunami, and simply moved the concert stage 100 m inland. Many of the locations surveyed demonstrated a similar pattern where the majority of casualties and destruction occurred within 100 m of the coast; in several locations, lives were saved where buildings were located at least this distance inland. The significant damage and numerous deaths which occurred in Sumur, despite the moderate tsunami height of 2.3–2.5 m, can be attributed to the extremely low-lying coastal land there. Flow depth in Sumur was 0.9–2.0 m. During our field surveys, nearly one year after the event, we noted that some of the damaged buildings were being rebuilt in the same locations just 10–30 m from the shoreline. We question this practice since the new buildings could be at the same tsunami risk as those damaged in the 2018 event.

Numerical Simulation of Tsunami Run-Up and Inundation for the 2011 Tōhuku-Oki Tsunami: A Parametric Analysis for Tsunami Run-Up and Wave Height

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debashis Basu ◽  
Robert Sewell ◽  
Kaushik Das ◽  
Ron Janetzke ◽  
Biswajit Dasgupta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wave Propagation ◽  
Wave Height ◽  
Seismic Waves ◽  
Source Model ◽  
Tsunami Source ◽  
Computational Framework ◽  
Wave Amplification ◽  
Source Models ◽  
Run Up ◽  
Tsunami Run Up

This paper presents computational results for predicting earthquake-generated tsunami from a developed integrated computational framework. The computational framework encompasses the entire spectrum of modeling the earthquake-generated tsunami source, open-sea wave propagation, and wave run-up including inundation and on-shore effects. The present work develops a simplified source model based on pertinent local geologic and tectonic processes, observed seismic data (i.e., data obtained by inversion of seismic waves from seismographic measurements), and geodetic data (i.e., directly measured seafloor and land deformations). These source models estimated configurations of seafloor deformation used as initial waveforms in tsunami simulations. Together with sufficiently accurate and resolved bathymetric and topographic data, they provided the inputs needed to numerically simulate tsunami wave propagation, inundation and coastal impact. The present work systematically analyzes the effect of the tsunami source model on predicted tsunami behavior and the associated variability for the 2011 Tōhuku-Oki tsunami. Simulations were carried out for the 2011 Tōhuku -Oki Tsunami that took place on March 11, 2011, from an MW 9.1 earthquake. The numerical simulations were performed using the fully nonlinear Boussinesq hydrodynamics code, FUNWAVE-TVD (distributed by the University of Delaware). In addition, a sensitivity analysis was also carried out to study the effect of earthquake magnitude on the predicted wave height. The effect of coastal structure on the wave amplification at the shore is also studied. Simulated tsunami results for wave heights are compared to the available observational data from GPS (Global Positioning System) at the central Miyagi location.

scholarly journals The December 2018 Anak Krakatau Volcano Tsunami as Inferred from Post-Tsunami Field Surveys and Spectral Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 176 (12) ◽  
pp. 5219-5233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Muhari ◽  
Mohammad Heidarzadeh ◽  
Harjo Susmoro ◽  
Haris D. Nugroho ◽  
Estu Kriswati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Analysis ◽  
Tide Gauge ◽  
Small Islands ◽  
Tsunami Height ◽  
Tide Gauge Records ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Dominant Period ◽  
Krakatau Volcano

AbstractWe present analysis of the December 2018 Anak Krakatau tsunami in Sunda Strait, Indonesia, from a combination of post-tsunami field surveys, bathymetric changes and spectral analysis of the tsunami tide gauge records. Post-tsunami surveys revealed moderate tsunami height along the coast of Sumatra and Java with maximum surveyed runup of 13.5 m and maximum inundation distance of 330 m. At small islands located close to the volcano, extreme tsunami impacts were observed indicating not only a huge tsunami was generated by large amounts of collapse material which caused notable changes of seafloor bathymetry, but also indicates the role of those small islands in reducing tsunami height that propagated to the mainland of Indonesia. Our spectral analysis of tide gauge records showed that the tsunami’s dominant period was 6.6–7.4 min, indicating the short-period nature of the 2018 Sunda Strait tsunami.

Application of stochastic fractal surface rupture on non-planar faults in tsunami simulation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shane Murphy ◽  
Andrè Herrero ◽  
Fabrizio Romano ◽  
Stefano Lorito
Keyword(s):  
Fault Plane ◽  
Velocity Model ◽  
Source Model ◽  
Tsunami Source ◽  
Surface Rupture ◽  
Tsunami Simulation ◽  
Model Complex ◽  
Source Models ◽  
Fault Trace ◽  
Subduction Zone Earthquakes

<p>Non-planar faults and surface reached rupture are seldom considered in the source modelling of subduction zone earthquakes. Here we present a new method for accounting for both phenomena in the generation of stochastic slip distribution while still maintaining self similar properties. To do this, we use the composite source model, which involves the placement of numerous circular dislocations on the fault plane. The fault plane is described by an unstructured mesh allowing for a non-planar surface while surface rupture is correctly accounted for by reflecting the slip from circular dislocations that intersect with the fault trace.</p><p>In a case study we demonstrate that the inclusion of rupture at the surface alters the ground or seafloor deformation both in terms of the magnitude (between 60%-20% in 5km zone near the fault trace) and the orientation of the deformation vectors (i.e. by up to 5 degrees). Such changes can have a significant effect on tsunami source and subsequent wave.</p><p>Additionally, with a prescribed rupture velocity model, complex source time functions can also be calculated for each element on the fault plane. Generally, rise time is assumed to be instantaneous in tsunami simulation.</p><p>We will also present preliminary results focused on comparing the tsunami wave height observed along nearby coastlines generated by the different source models (i.e. with/without surface reached rupture and variable source time functions).    </p>

scholarly journals Spatial Analysis on Tsunami Predictions in Pandeglang Regency

2021 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Della Ayu Lestari ◽  
Novi Sofia Fitriasari ◽  
Taufiq Ejaz Ahmad ◽  
Amien Rais ◽  
Dhea Rahma Azhari
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Height ◽  
Tsunami Height ◽  
Tsunami Inundation ◽  
National Board ◽  
Tsunami Hazards ◽  
Wave Heights ◽  
One Step ◽  
Krakatau Volcano ◽  
Inundation Height ◽  
Spatial Plan

Pandeglang Regency is an area that has the potentiel to be hit by tsunamis. The plate subduction paths of Indo-Australia and Anak Krakatau Volcano make Pandeglang Regency a region with a high tsunami potential. One step that can be taken to overcome and minimize losses is to do spatial planning to protect it against potential tsunami damage. This research aimed to evaluate the spatial area of Pandeglang Regency based on the identification of potential tsunami hazards.  The concept of modelling the tsunami inundation height developed by Berryman and based on Head Regulation No.4 of 2012 of the Indonesian National Board for Disaster Management has been used to identify potential tsunami hazards. The modelling was carried out by calculating the potential distribution of tsunami wave heights in coastal areas.  Three scenarios were used to estimate the distribution. The results showed that the first scenario predicted a maximum tsunami height   of 7.5 meters above sea level with the furthest tsunami inundation reaching 1,700.12 meters. Second scenario predicted maximum height of 15 meters, with the furthest tsunami inundation reaching 3,384.62 meters. Meanwhile, the last scenario was able to predict a height of 20 meters and showed the furthest tsunami inundation reaching 5.155,11 meters. These results proved that in all scenarios, the widest inundation would occur in Panimbang Regency. This is due to the relatively small variations in roughness and slope of the surface. The same condition also occurs in the last two scenarios, in which Sumur District was the area most ffected. Therefore, the spatial plan of Pandeglang Regency needs to be evaluated and the function of residential area changed to reduce and prevent large losses.

scholarly journals Analysis of Spatio-Temporal Tsunami Source Models for Reproducing Tsunami Inundation Features

Geosciences ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 3
Author(s):  
Bruno Adriano ◽  
Satomi Hayashi ◽  
Shunichi Koshimura
Keyword(s):  
Tsunami Source ◽  
Tsunami Inundation ◽  
Source Models ◽  
Spatio Temporal

On: “Effect of temporal and spatial variations of the primary signal on VLF total‐field surveys” by M. A. Vallee, M. Chouteau, and G. J. Palacky (January 1992 GEOPHYSICS, p. 97‐105)

Geophysics ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
pp. 756-756 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Roy
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Modeling ◽  
Field Amplitude ◽  
Primary Field ◽  
Dense Network ◽  
Total Field ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
Attitude Stability ◽  
Amplitude Data ◽  
Primary Signal ◽  
Temporal And Spatial

Vallee et al. (1992) remark on the sensitivity of airborne ratio measuring VLF instruments to platform attitude stability. The authors also remind the users of VLF total field amplitude data, as produced by instruments such as the Herz TOTEM, of two problems associated with this type of data: spatial and temporal fluctuations of the VLF primary field. They recommend the use of a dense network of VLF monitoring stations and numerical modeling of field propagation to cope with these problems. These two recommendations are briefly discussed here and one alternative recommendation is made.

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