scholarly journals Field Survey of Tsunami Heights and Runups Following the 22 December 2018 Anak Krakatau Volcano Tsunami, Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 177 (10) ◽  
pp. 4577-4595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Heidarzadeh ◽  
Purna Sulastya Putra ◽  
Septriono Hari Nugroho ◽  
Doud Ben Zubair Rashid
Keyword(s):  
Rare Event ◽  
Tsunami Height ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
Tsunami Runup ◽  
Tsunami Risk ◽  
Western Shore ◽  
Wave Heights ◽  
One Year ◽  
Instrumental Records ◽  
Krakatau Volcano

Abstract The 22 December 2018 Anak Karakatau tsunami in Indonesia was a rare event in that few instrumental records existed of tsunamis generated by volcanic sources before this event. The tsunami, which left a death toll of 437, is of global importance as it provides opportunities to develop knowledge on generation, propagation and coastal effects of volcanic tsunamis. Here, we report results of field surveys along the coast of the Sunda Strait, Indonesia to study tsunami wave heights and coastal damage. We surveyed 29 locations and measured ranges of tsunami runup from 0.9 to 5.2 m, tsunami heights from 1.4 to 6.3 m, flow depths from 0.2 m to 3.0 m and inundation distances from 18 to 212 m. The largest tsunami heights and concentration of damage and fatalities occurred on the western shore of Java from Tanjung Lesung to Sumur. The largest cluster of fatalities occurred at Tanjung Lesung, where more than 50 people died while attending an outdoor music being held at the shoreline. The tsunami runup and tsunami height in Tanjung Lesung were 4.0 and 2.9–3.8 m, respectively. We believe this tragedy could have been avoided if the event organizers were more aware of the hazard posed by the Anak Krakatau volcano, as it had been actively erupting for several months prior to the tsunami, and simply moved the concert stage 100 m inland. Many of the locations surveyed demonstrated a similar pattern where the majority of casualties and destruction occurred within 100 m of the coast; in several locations, lives were saved where buildings were located at least this distance inland. The significant damage and numerous deaths which occurred in Sumur, despite the moderate tsunami height of 2.3–2.5 m, can be attributed to the extremely low-lying coastal land there. Flow depth in Sumur was 0.9–2.0 m. During our field surveys, nearly one year after the event, we noted that some of the damaged buildings were being rebuilt in the same locations just 10–30 m from the shoreline. We question this practice since the new buildings could be at the same tsunami risk as those damaged in the 2018 event.

Field surveys and numerical modeling of the December 2018 Anak Krakatau volcanic tsunami

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Heidarzadeh ◽  
Purna Sulastya Putra ◽  
Abdul Muhari ◽  
Septriono Hari Nugroho
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Modeling ◽  
Source Model ◽  
Tsunami Source ◽  
Tsunami Height ◽  
Tsunami Inundation ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
Source Models ◽  
Krakatau Volcano ◽  
Source Dimension ◽  
Maximum Tsunami Height

<p>We report results of field surveys and numerical modeling of the tsunami generated by the Anak Krakatau volcano eruption on 22 December 2018. We conducted two sets of field surveys of the coastal areas destroyed by the Anak Krakatau tsunami in 26-30 December 2018 and 4-10 January 2020. Field surveys provided information about the maximum tsunami height as well as the most damaged area. The maximum tsunami height was up to 13 m. Most locations registered a wave height of 3-4 m. Tsunami inundation was limited to approximately 100 m. For modeling, we considered 12 source models and conducted numerical modeling. The scenarios have source dimensions of 1.5–4 km and initial tsunami amplitudes of 10–200 m. By comparing observed and simulated waveforms, we constrained the tsunami source dimension and initial amplitude in the ranges of 1.5–2.5 km and 100–150 m, respectively. The best source model involves potential energy of 7.14 × 10<sup>13</sup>–1.05 × 10<sup>14</sup> J which is equivalent to an earthquake of magnitude 6.0–6.1.</p>

scholarly journals The December 2018 Anak Krakatau Volcano Tsunami as Inferred from Post-Tsunami Field Surveys and Spectral Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 176 (12) ◽  
pp. 5219-5233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Muhari ◽  
Mohammad Heidarzadeh ◽  
Harjo Susmoro ◽  
Haris D. Nugroho ◽  
Estu Kriswati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Analysis ◽  
Tide Gauge ◽  
Small Islands ◽  
Tsunami Height ◽  
Tide Gauge Records ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Dominant Period ◽  
Krakatau Volcano

AbstractWe present analysis of the December 2018 Anak Krakatau tsunami in Sunda Strait, Indonesia, from a combination of post-tsunami field surveys, bathymetric changes and spectral analysis of the tsunami tide gauge records. Post-tsunami surveys revealed moderate tsunami height along the coast of Sumatra and Java with maximum surveyed runup of 13.5 m and maximum inundation distance of 330 m. At small islands located close to the volcano, extreme tsunami impacts were observed indicating not only a huge tsunami was generated by large amounts of collapse material which caused notable changes of seafloor bathymetry, but also indicates the role of those small islands in reducing tsunami height that propagated to the mainland of Indonesia. Our spectral analysis of tide gauge records showed that the tsunami’s dominant period was 6.6–7.4 min, indicating the short-period nature of the 2018 Sunda Strait tsunami.

scholarly journals Spatial Analysis on Tsunami Predictions in Pandeglang Regency

2021 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Della Ayu Lestari ◽  
Novi Sofia Fitriasari ◽  
Taufiq Ejaz Ahmad ◽  
Amien Rais ◽  
Dhea Rahma Azhari
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Height ◽  
Tsunami Height ◽  
Tsunami Inundation ◽  
National Board ◽  
Tsunami Hazards ◽  
Wave Heights ◽  
One Step ◽  
Krakatau Volcano ◽  
Inundation Height ◽  
Spatial Plan

Pandeglang Regency is an area that has the potentiel to be hit by tsunamis. The plate subduction paths of Indo-Australia and Anak Krakatau Volcano make Pandeglang Regency a region with a high tsunami potential. One step that can be taken to overcome and minimize losses is to do spatial planning to protect it against potential tsunami damage. This research aimed to evaluate the spatial area of Pandeglang Regency based on the identification of potential tsunami hazards.  The concept of modelling the tsunami inundation height developed by Berryman and based on Head Regulation No.4 of 2012 of the Indonesian National Board for Disaster Management has been used to identify potential tsunami hazards. The modelling was carried out by calculating the potential distribution of tsunami wave heights in coastal areas.  Three scenarios were used to estimate the distribution. The results showed that the first scenario predicted a maximum tsunami height   of 7.5 meters above sea level with the furthest tsunami inundation reaching 1,700.12 meters. Second scenario predicted maximum height of 15 meters, with the furthest tsunami inundation reaching 3,384.62 meters. Meanwhile, the last scenario was able to predict a height of 20 meters and showed the furthest tsunami inundation reaching 5.155,11 meters. These results proved that in all scenarios, the widest inundation would occur in Panimbang Regency. This is due to the relatively small variations in roughness and slope of the surface. The same condition also occurs in the last two scenarios, in which Sumur District was the area most ffected. Therefore, the spatial plan of Pandeglang Regency needs to be evaluated and the function of residential area changed to reduce and prevent large losses.

scholarly journals Numerical modelling of historical landslide-generated tsunamis in the French Lesser Antilles

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1281-1292 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Poisson ◽  
R. Pedreros
Keyword(s):  
Near Field ◽  
Pyroclastic Flows ◽  
Lesser Antilles ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Tsunami Height ◽  
Tsunami Modelling ◽  
Field Effects ◽  
Wave Heights ◽  
Unique Source ◽  
Height Data

Abstract. Two historical landslide-induced tsunamis that reached the coasts of the French Lesser Antilles are studied. First, the Martinique coast was hit by a tsunami down the western flank of Montagne Pelée at the beginning of the big eruption of May 1902. More recently, the northeastern coast of Guadeloupe was affected by a tsunami that had been generated around Montserrat by pyroclastic flows entering the sea, during the July 2003 eruption of the Soufrière Hills volcano. We use a modified version of the GEOWAVE model to compute numerical simulations of both events. Two source hypotheses are considered for each tsunami. The comparison of the simulation results with reported tsunami height data helps to discriminate between the tested source decriptions. In the Martinique case, we obtain a better fit to data when considering three successive lahars entering the sea, as a simplified single source leads to an overstimation of the tsunami wave heights at the coast. In the Montserrat case, the best model uses a unique source which volume corresponds to published data concerning the peak volume flow. These findings emphasize the importance of an accurate description of the relevant volume as well as the timing sequence of the source event in landslide-generated tsunami modelling. They also show that considering far-field effects in addition to near-field effects may significantly improve tsunami modelling.

Tsunami hazard from lacustrine mass wasting in Lake Tekapo, New Zealand

2018 ◽  
Vol 477 (1) ◽  
pp. 413-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshu J. Mountjoy ◽  
Xiaoming Wang ◽  
Susi Woelz ◽  
Sean Fitzsimons ◽  
Jamie D. Howarth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Sediment Cores ◽  
Lake Basin ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Seismic Reflection Data ◽  
Reflection Data ◽  
Tectonically Active ◽  
Tsunami Risk ◽  
Western Shore ◽  
The Impact

AbstractLacustrine-tsunami risk from landslides can be significant yet for most locations globally the hazard remains unquantified. Lake Tekapo, in the tectonically active mountain belt of New Zealand's South Island, has been chosen to develop surveying and modelling techniques to assess the hazard from landslide tsunamis. Lake Tekapo is ideal for this study due to the high sedimentation rates, steep surrounds and the proximity to active faulting that indicate a high landslide potential. The shoreline tourist settlement and hydropower infrastructure mean the impact of any tsunami could be significant. In 2016 a survey was carried out to collect high-resolution (1 m grid) EM2040 multibeam bathymetry, high-resolution seismic reflection data (Boomer and chirp) and 6 m long sediment cores. These data reveal a diverse range of sedimentary processes in response to high sediment input and numerous landslides with varied styles of emplacement. For example, a one-off landslide initiated 40 m above the shoreline with debris deposits that have runout onto the lake floor to 100 m water depth contrasts with the Cass River delta on the western shore that has failed multiple times during the lake-basin infilling history. Landslide-generated tsunami scenarios are used to determine the relative hazard at different regions of the lake to guide development of a probabilistic tsunami model.

Metastatic ovarian carcinoma one year after surgical removal of colon carcinoma during pregnancy: a case report

2006 ◽  
Vol 16 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 330-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Gurbuz ◽  
G. Kir ◽  
A. Karateke ◽  
B. Haliloglu ◽  
C. Kabaca
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Carcinoma ◽  
Colon Carcinoma ◽  
Abdominal Mass ◽  
Rare Event ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Fetal Distress ◽  
Surgical Removal ◽  
Ovarian Metastases ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
One Year

Colorectal carcinoma during pregnancy is a very rare event. We presented a woman with metachronous metastatic ovarian tumor existing 1 year after surgical removal of perforated sigmoid colon carcinoma encountered during cesarean section of woman of 36-week gestation for fetal distress. Pregnant women with suspicious abdominal mass should be evaluated for a possible colorectal carcinoma even in the absence of any other gastrointestinal symptoms associated with it and undergo rectal examination and sigmoidoscopy. In addition, as synchronous and metachronous ovarian metastases are common in these patients, ovaries must be evaluated carefully by bisection during operation for possible metastasis, and in women who do not have a desire for fertility, prophylactic oophorectomy seems an appropriate treatment modality for resecting synchronous metastasis and preventing future metastasis.

scholarly journals Intrauterine Extremity Gangrene and Cerebral Infarction at Term: A Case Report

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Tanvig ◽  
J. S. Jørgensen ◽  
M. Nybo ◽  
G. Zachariassen
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Cerebral Infarction ◽  
Rare Event ◽  
Fetal Distress ◽  
Antenatal Clinic ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Healthy Mother ◽  
Fetal Movements ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
One Year

Intrauterine extremity gangrene in combination with cerebral infarction is a serious and rare event. We present a case with a healthy mother who gave birth to a child with this condition. At term, the mother presented at the antenatal clinic with decreased fetal movements. Cardiotocography (CTG) showed signs of fetal distress and a caesarean section was performed. The left arm of the newborn was found gangrenous. Amputation of the arm was necessary and the child was subsequently treated with anticoagulant therapy due to thrombosis and cerebral infarction in the left hemisphere found by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). At one year of age the boy was doing well and had prosthesis as a left arm. He had no signs of further complications. Despite thorough examination of the parents and the child, the reason for the thrombosis is still unknown.

SURGE GENERATION IN RESERVOIRS BY LANDSLIDES TRIGGERED BY THE WENCHUAN EARTHQUAKE

2011 ◽  
Vol 05 (05) ◽  
pp. 461-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
PENG CUI ◽  
XINGHUA ZHU
Keyword(s):  
Wenchuan Earthquake ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Impact Angle ◽  
Sliding Velocity ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
The Wenchuan Earthquake ◽  
Wave Heights ◽  
Dam Stability ◽  
Good Agreement

Landslides can result in rocks and soil falling into reservoir at high velocity, thereby triggering large surface waves, which may threaten navigation vessels, dam stability, and lives and properties along the shore. This paper presents the results of an experimental study into surges caused by landslides entering reservoirs. First, eight factors — water depth, sliding impact velocity, slide volume, slide width, slide thickness, the mass of the slide blocks, sliding slope, and drop height of the mass center — were chosen as key parameters. Then, these were combined into four dimensionless factors: Froude number for sliding velocity, landslide scale, slide thickness and slide impact angle (radian measure). In addition, based on data from 145 model tests, empirical equations for prediction of the first and second impulsive wave heights were developed through nondimensional multiple linear regression analysis. These equations were applied to landslides triggered by the Wenchuan Earthquake along the shore of Zipingpu Reservoir. The calculated results were found to be in good agreement with field surveys and with calculations by other formulas; the proposed formula is believed preferable in that it incorporates dimension parameters and slope of the sliding surface.

scholarly journals Phenology, Seasonal Abundance, and Host-Plant Association of Spittlebugs (Hemiptera: Aphrophoridae) in Vineyards of Northwestern Italy

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1012
Author(s):  
Nicola Bodino ◽  
Stefano Demichelis ◽  
Anna Simonetto ◽  
Stefania Volani ◽  
Matteo Alessandro Saladini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Seasonal Abundance ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Plant Association ◽  
Egg Hatching ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
One Year ◽  
Cover Up

Spittlebugs (Hemiptera: Aphrophoridae) are the vectors of the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa (Xf) in Europe. Xf may cause severe epidemics in cultivated plants, including grapevines. To assess the threat represented by the bacterium to grapevines, detailed information on the vectors’ phenology, density, and ecology in vineyards is needed. The aim of the present work was to describe spittlebug diversity, phenology, and host-plant association in the vineyard agroecosystem. Two separate field surveys of nymphal and adult spittlebug populations, i.e., a two-year survey of a single site and a one-year survey of three sites, were performed in vineyards of northwestern Italy in three consecutive years. Philaenus spumarius was the most common species, reaching average nymph densities on herbaceous cover up to 60–130 nymphs/m2. Adults were sampled on grapevines from May to September, with a peak in June (up to 0.43 insects/sweep). Herbaceous cover was colonized after egg hatching and in late summer for oviposition, while wild woody hosts represented a refuge during summer. The results show that spittlebugs can reach high population levels in vineyards, at least in the areas where the ground is covered by herbaceous plants for the whole season and the use of insecticides is moderate. The extended presence of P. spumarius adults on grapevines represents a serious risk factor for the spread of Xf. The scenarios of Xf establishment in vineyards in northwestern Italy and Europe are discussed in relation to the abundance, phenology, and plant association of spittlebugs.

scholarly journals WAVE CLIMATE ANALYSIS FOR ENGINEERING PURPOSE

1976 ◽  
Vol 1 (15) ◽  
pp. 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans H. Dette ◽  
Alfred Fuhrboter
Keyword(s):  
Wave Climate ◽  
Incoming Wave ◽  
Offshore Area ◽  
The North ◽  
Wave Measurements ◽  
Wind Velocities ◽  
Wave Heights ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
One Year ◽  
Climate Analysis

The North Sea (Fig. 1) is known as a random sea with depths in the southern part between 40 m and 100 m so that in contrary to the Atlantic and Pacific coastlines deep sea wave conditions do not exist. After four years of comprehensive wave measurements in the offshore area of the Island of Sylt near the Danish border a general analysis of the wave climate in that region was possible. In this paper results and suggestions will be presented under the aspect of replacing qualitative judgements by quantitative statements which are derived from the knowledge of the adjacent wave climate. Because the wave action varies from year to year a general time unit is not advisable for the evaluation of shore processes; therefore the time scale should be substituted by the integral of incoming wave energy occurring after a certain time. The investigated method of expressing the total energy of one season or one year in the electrical unit Kilowatthour (kWh) per meter (m) width of shoreline could prove in future as a feasible way of classifying the irregular seasonal and yearly wave intensities. It is further shown that wave measurements over a period of several years can be sufficient for the investigation of correlations between the wind velocities occurring from all directions and the resulting wave heights. In case of satisfying correlation factors it will then be possible to carry out feedback operations for periods from which only records of wind velocities and directions are available and even to hindcast the wave heights for certain not yet measured wind velocities.

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