Chemical characteristics and optical properties of brown carbon aerosol in Karlsruhe during winter

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
feng jiang ◽  
Harald Saathoff ◽  
junwei song ◽  
linyu gao ◽  
magdalena vallon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Mass Spectrometer ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Light Absorption ◽  
Aerosol Particles ◽  
Time Of Flight ◽  
Organic Aerosol ◽  
Resolution Time ◽  
Brown Carbon

<p>Brown carbon (BrC) aerosol has significant climatic impact due to its ability to absorb solar radiation in the near-ultraviolet and visible spectral range. However, chromophores responsible for light absorption in atmospheric aerosol particles are not well understood in urban areas. Therefore, optical properties and chromophore composition of brown carbon were characterized during March 2020 in downtown Karlsruhe, a city of 300000 inhabitants in southwest Germany.</p><p>In this study, total non-refractory particle mass was measured with a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-TOF-MS; hereafter AMS). Furthermore, Aerosol particles were collected on filters and analyzed in the laboratory. Filter samples were extracted by methanol and the corresponding solutions were analyzed by excitation-emission spectroscopy (AquaLog), resulting in characteristic light absorption and fluorescence spectra. Furthermore, filters were analyzed by a filter inlet for gases and aerosols coupled to a high-resolution time-of-flight chemical ionization mass spectrometer (FIGAERO-HR-TOF-CIMS; hereafter CIMS) employing iodide ions, which results in the molecular composition of oxygenated organic aerosol compounds.</p><p>Our results show that the average light absorption and mass absorption efficiency of brown carbon at 365 nm were (2.8±1.9) Mm<sup>-1</sup> and (1.1±0.2) m<sup>2</sup> g<sup>-1</sup> respectively. Parallel factor (PARAFAC) analysis allowed for identification of four types of fluorescence in methanol-soluble organic compounds. HULIS-like compounds contributed 47%, road dust-like compounds 19%, biomass burning-like compounds 25%, and protein-like compounds 9%. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis of organic detected by AMS led to five characteristic organic compound classes. Of these five classes, the biomass burning organic aerosol showed a correlation coefficient of r2=0.7 with the biomass burning like factor from the fluorescence analysis. Oxygenated organic aerosol components had potentially lower fluorescence intensity and mass absorption coefficiency. Furthermore, five nitroaromatic compounds were identified by CIMS (C7H7O3N, C7H7O4N, C6H5O5N, C6H5O4N, and C6H5O3N) which contributed 0.2%-0.9% to total organic mass, but can explain 3%-6% of the absorption at 365 nm.</p>

scholarly journals Chemical Characterization of Secondary Organic Aerosol at a Rural Site in the Southeastern U.S.: Insights from Simultaneous HR-ToF-AMS and FIGAERO-CIMS Measurements

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunle Chen ◽  
Masayuki Takeuchi ◽  
Theodora Nah ◽  
Lu Xu ◽  
Manjula R. Canagaratna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Mass Spectrometer ◽  
Secondary Organic Aerosol ◽  
Time Of Flight ◽  
Organic Aerosol ◽  
Rural Site ◽  
Organic Nitrate ◽  
Ionization Mass ◽  
Resolution Time ◽  
Radical Oxidation

Abstract. The formation and evolution of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) was investigated at Yorkville, GA, in late summer (mid-August ~ mid-October, 2016). Organic aerosol (OA) composition was measured using two on-line mass spectrometry instruments, the high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) and the Filter Inlet for Gases and AEROsols coupled to a high-resolution time-of-flight iodide-adduct chemical ionization mass spectrometer (FIGAERO-CIMS). Through analysis of speciated organics data from FIGAERO-CIMS and factorization analysis of data obtained from both instruments, we observed notable SOA formation from isoprene and monoterpenes during both day and night. Specifically, in addition to isoprene epoxydiols (IEPOX) uptake, we identified isoprene SOA formation via hydroxyl hydroperoxide oxidation (ISOPOOH oxidation via non-IEPOX pathways) and isoprene organic nitrate formation via photooxidation in the presence of NOx and nitrate radical oxidation. Monoterpenes were found to be the most important SOA precursors at night. We observed significant contributions from highly-oxidized acid-like compounds to the aged OA factor from FIGAERO-CIMS. Taken together, our results showed that FIGAERO-CIMS measurements are highly complementary to the extensively used AMS factorization analysis, and together they provide more comprehensive insights into OA sources and composition.

scholarly journals Seasonal characteristics of organic aerosol chemical composition and volatility in Stuttgart, Germany

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (18) ◽  
pp. 11687-11700 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Huang ◽  
Harald Saathoff ◽  
Xiaoli Shen ◽  
Ramakrishna Ramisetty ◽  
Thomas Leisner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Mass Spectrometer ◽  
Time Of Flight ◽  
Organic Aerosol ◽  
Molecular Composition ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Ionization Mass ◽  
Resolution Time

Abstract. The chemical composition and volatility of organic aerosol (OA) particles were investigated during July–August 2017 and February–March 2018 in the city of Stuttgart, one of the most polluted cities in Germany. Total non-refractory particle mass was measured with a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS; hereafter AMS). Aerosol particles were collected on filters and analyzed in the laboratory with a filter inlet for gases and aerosols coupled to a high-resolution time-of-flight chemical ionization mass spectrometer (FIGAERO-HR-ToF-CIMS; hereafter CIMS), yielding the molecular composition of oxygenated OA (OOA) compounds. While the average organic mass loadings are lower in the summer period (5.1±3.2 µg m−3) than in the winter period (8.4±5.6 µg m−3), we find relatively larger mass contributions of organics measured by AMS in summer (68.8±13.4 %) compared to winter (34.8±9.5 %). CIMS mass spectra show OOA compounds in summer have O : C of 0.82±0.02 and are more influenced by biogenic emissions, while OOA compounds in winter have O : C of 0.89±0.06 and are more influenced by biomass burning emissions. Volatility parametrization analysis shows that OOA in winter is less volatile with higher contributions of low-volatility organic compounds (LVOCs) and extremely low-volatility organic compounds (ELVOCs). We partially explain this by the higher contributions of compounds with shorter carbon chain lengths and a higher number of oxygen atoms, i.e., higher O : C in winter. Organic compounds desorbing from the particles deposited on the filter samples also exhibit a shift of signal to higher desorption temperatures (i.e., lower apparent volatility) in winter. This is consistent with the relatively higher O : C in winter but may also be related to higher particle viscosity due to the higher contributions of larger-molecular-weight LVOCs and ELVOCs, interactions between different species and/or particles (particle matrix), and/or thermal decomposition of larger molecules. The results suggest that whereas lower temperature in winter may lead to increased partitioning of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) into the particle phase, this does not result in a higher overall volatility of OOA in winter and that the difference in sources and/or chemistry between the seasons plays a more important role. Our study provides insights into the seasonal variation of the molecular composition and volatility of ambient OA particles and into their potential sources.

scholarly journals Seasonal characteristics of organic aerosol chemical composition and volatility in Stuttgart, Germany

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Huang ◽  
Harald Saathoff ◽  
Xiaoli Shen ◽  
Ramakrishna Ramisetty ◽  
Thomas Leisner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Volatile Organic Compounds ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Mass Spectrometer ◽  
Time Of Flight ◽  
Organic Aerosol ◽  
Molecular Composition ◽  
Resolution Time ◽  
Volatile Organic

Abstract. Chemical composition and volatility of organic aerosol (OA) particles were investigated during July–August 2017 and February–March 2018 in the city of Stuttgart, one of the most polluted cities in Germany. Total non-refractory particle mass was measured with a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS; hereafter AMS). Aerosol particles were collected on filters and analyzed in the laboratory with a filter inlet for gases and aerosols coupled to a high-resolution time-of-flight chemical ionization mass spectrometer (FIGAERO-HR-ToF-CIMS; hereafter CIMS), yielding the molecular composition of oxygenated OA (OOA) compounds. While the average organic mass loadings are lower in the summer period (5.1 ± 3.2 µg m−3) than in the winter period (8.4 ± 5.6 µg m−3), we find relatively larger mass contributions of organics measured by AMS in summer (68.8 ± 13.4 %) compared to winter (34.8 ± 9.5 %). CIMS mass spectra show OOA compounds in summer have O : C ratios of 0.82 ± 0.02 and are more influenced by biogenic emissions, while OOA compounds in winter have O : C ratios of 0.89 ± 0.06 and are more influenced by biomass burning emissions. Volatility parametrization analysis shows that OOA in winter is less volatile with higher contributions of low volatile organic compounds (LVOC) and extremely low volatile organic compounds (ELVOC). We partially explain this by the higher contributions of compounds with shorter carbon chain lengths and higher number of oxygen atoms, i.e. higher O : C ratios in winter. Organic compounds desorbing from the particles deposited on the filter samples also exhibit a shift of signal to higher desorption temperatures (i.e. lower apparent volatility) in winter. This is consistent with the relatively higher O : C ratios in winter, but may also be related to higher particle viscosity due to the higher contributions of larger molecular-weight LVOC and ELVOC, interactions between different species and/or particles (particle matrix), and/or thermal decomposition of larger molecules. The results suggest that whereas lower temperature in winter may lead to increased partitioning of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOC) into the particle phase, this does not result in a higher overall volatility of OOA in winter, and that the difference in sources and/or chemistry between the seasons plays a more important role. Our study provides insights into the seasonal variation of molecular composition and volatility of ambient OA particles, and into their potential sources.

scholarly journals Chemical characterization of secondary organic aerosol at a rural site in the southeastern US: insights from simultaneous high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) and FIGAERO chemical ionization mass spectrometer (CIMS) measurements

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (14) ◽  
pp. 8421-8440
Author(s):  
Yunle Chen ◽  
Masayuki Takeuchi ◽  
Theodora Nah ◽  
Lu Xu ◽  
Manjula R. Canagaratna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Mass Spectrometer ◽  
Chemical Ionization ◽  
Secondary Organic Aerosol ◽  
Time Of Flight ◽  
Organic Aerosol ◽  
Ionization Mass ◽  
Resolution Time ◽  
Aerosol Mass Spectrometer ◽  
Aerosol Mass

Abstract. The formation and evolution of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) were investigated at Yorkville, GA, in late summer (mid-August to mid-October 2016). The organic aerosol (OA) composition was measured using two online mass spectrometry instruments, the high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) and the Filter Inlet for Gases and AEROsols coupled to a high-resolution time-of-flight iodide-adduct chemical ionization mass spectrometer (FIGAERO-CIMS). Through analysis of speciated organics data from FIGAERO-CIMS and factorization analysis of data obtained from both instruments, we observed notable SOA formation from isoprene and monoterpenes during both day and night. Specifically, in addition to isoprene epoxydiol (IEPOX) uptake, we identified isoprene SOA formation from non-IEPOX pathways and isoprene organic nitrate formation via photooxidation in the presence of NOx and nitrate radical oxidation. Monoterpenes were found to be the most important SOA precursors at night. We observed significant contributions from highly oxidized acid-like compounds to the aged OA factor from FIGAERO-CIMS. Taken together, our results showed that FIGAERO-CIMS measurements are highly complementary to the extensively used AMS factorization analysis, and together they provide more comprehensive insights into OA sources and composition.

scholarly journals Characterization of the sources and processes of organic and inorganic aerosols in New York City with a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 22669-22723 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y.-L. Sun ◽  
Q. Zhang ◽  
J. J. Schwab ◽  
K. L. Demerjian ◽  
W.-N. Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Mass Spectrometer ◽  
York City ◽  
Time Of Flight ◽  
Resolution Time ◽  
Aerosol Mass Spectrometer ◽  
Spectral Pattern ◽  
Aerosol Mass

Abstract. Submicron aerosol particles (PM1) were measured in-situ using a High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) during the summer 2009 Field Intensive Study at Queens College in New York City. Organic aerosol (OA) and sulfate are the two dominant species, accounting for 54% and 24%, respectively, of total PM1 mass on average. The average mass size distribution of OA presents a small mode peaking at ~150 nm (Dva) in addition to an accumulation mode (~550 nm) that is internally mixed with sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium. The diurnal cycles of sulfate and OA both show pronounced peaks between 01:00–02:00 p.m. EST due to photochemical production. The average (±1σ) oxygen-to-carbon (O/C), hydrogen-to-carbon (H/C), and nitrogen-to-carbon (N/C) ratios of OA in NYC are 0.36 (±0.09), 1.49 (±0.08), and 0.012(±0.005), respectively, corresponding to an average organic mass-to-carbon (OM/OC) ratio of 1.62(±0.11). Positive matrix factorization (PMF) of the high resolution mass spectra identified five OA components: a hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA), two types of oxygenated OA (OOA) including a low-volatility OOA (LV-OOA) and a semi-volatile OOA (SV-OOA), a cooking-emission related OA (COA), and a unique nitrogen-enriched OA (NOA). HOA appears to represent primary OA (POA) from urban traffic emissions. It comprises primarily of reduced species (H/C=1.83; O/C=0.06) and shows a mass spectral pattern very similar to those of POA from fossil fuel combustion, and correlates tightly with traffic emission tracers including elemental carbon and NOx. LV-OOA, which is highly oxidized (O/C=0.63) and correlates well with sulfate, appears to be representative for regional, aged secondary OA (SOA). SV-OOA, which is less oxidized (O/C=0.38) and correlates well with non-refractory chloride, likely represents less photo-chemically aged, semi-volatile SOA. COA shows a similar spectral pattern to the reference spectra of POA from cooking emissions and a distinct diurnal pattern peaking around local lunch and dinner times. In addition, NOA is characterized with prominent CxH2x+2N+ peaks likely from amine compounds. Our results indicate that cooking-related activities are a major source of POA in NYC, releasing comparable amounts of POA as traffic emissions. POA=HOA+COA) on average accounts for ~30% of the total OA mass during this study while SOA dominates the OA composition with SV-OOA and LV-OOA on average accounting for 34% and 30%, respectively, of the total OA mass. The chemical evolution of SOA in NYC involves a~continuous oxidation from SV-OOA to LV-OOA, which is further supported by a gradual increase of O/C ratio and a simultaneous decrease of H/C ratio in total OOA. Detailed analysis of NOA (5.8% of OA) presents evidence that nitrogen-containing organic species such as amines might have played an important role in the atmospheric processing of OA in NYC, likely involving acid-base chemistry. Analysis of air mass trajectories and satellite imagery of aerosol optical depth (AOD) indicates that the high potential source regions of secondary sulfate and aged OA are mainly located in regions to the west and southwest of the city.

scholarly journals Organic aerosol source apportionment in Zurich using an extractive electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer (EESI-TOF-MS) – Part 2: Biomass burning influences in winter

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 8037-8062 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lu Qi ◽  
Mindong Chen ◽  
Giulia Stefenelli ◽  
Veronika Pospisilova ◽  
Yandong Tong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrospray Ionization ◽  
Source Apportionment ◽  
Mass Spectrometer ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Time Of Flight ◽  
Organic Aerosol ◽  
Climate Impacts ◽  
Ionization Time ◽  
Flight Mass Spectrometer ◽  
Tof Ms

Abstract. Real-time, in situ molecular composition measurements of the organic fraction of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) remain challenging, hindering a full understanding of the climate impacts and health effects of PM2.5. In particular, the thermal decomposition and ionization-induced fragmentation affecting current techniques has limited a detailed investigation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA), which typically dominates OA. Here we deploy a novel extractive electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer (EESI-TOF-MS) during winter 2017 in downtown Zurich, Switzerland, which overcomes these limitations, together with an Aerodyne high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-TOF-AMS) and supporting instrumentation. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) implemented within the Multilinear Engine (ME-2) program was applied to the EESI-TOF-MS data to quantify the primary and secondary contributions to OA. An 11-factor solution was selected as the best representation of the data, including five primary and six secondary factors. Primary factors showed influence from cooking, cigarette smoke, biomass burning (two factors) and a special local unknown event occurred only during two nights. Secondary factors were affected by biomass burning (three factors, distinguished by temperature and/or wind direction), organonitrates, monoterpene oxidation, and undetermined regional processing, in particular the contributions of wood combustion. While the AMS attributed slightly over half the OA mass to SOA but did not identify its source, the EESI-TOF-MS showed that most (>70 %) of the SOA was derived from biomass burning. Together with significant contributions from less aged biomass burning factors identified by both AMS and EESI-TOF-MS, this firmly establishes biomass burning as the single most important contributor to OA mass at this site during winter. High correlation was obtained between EESI-TOF-MS and AMS PMF factors where specific analogues existed, as well as between total signal and POA–SOA apportionment. This suggests the EESI-TOF-MS apportionment in the current study can be approximately taken at face value, despite ion-by-ion differences in relative sensitivity. The apportionment of specific ions measured by the EESI-TOF-MS (e.g., levoglucosan, nitrocatechol, and selected organic acids) and utilization of a cluster analysis-based approach to identify key marker ions for the EESI-TOF-MS factors are investigated. The interpretability of the EESI-TOF-MS results and improved source separation relative to the AMS within this pilot campaign validate the EESI-TOF-MS as a promising approach to source apportionment and atmospheric composition research.

Miniaturized High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer MULTUM-S II with an Infinite Flight Path

2010 ◽  
Vol 82 (20) ◽  
pp. 8456-8463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuichi Shimma ◽  
Hirofumi Nagao ◽  
Jun Aoki ◽  
Keiji Takahashi ◽  
Shinichi Miki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Mass Spectrometer ◽  
Time Of Flight ◽  
Flight Path ◽  
Resolution Time ◽  
Flight Mass Spectrometer

scholarly journals Highly time-resolved chemical characterization of atmospheric submicron particles during 2008 Beijing Olympic Games using an Aerodyne High-Resolution Aerosol Mass Spectrometer

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (18) ◽  
pp. 8933-8945 ◽  
Author(s):  
X.-F. Huang ◽  
L.-Y. He ◽  
M. Hu ◽  
M. R. Canagaratna ◽  
Y. Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Mass Spectrometer ◽  
Olympic Games ◽  
Aerosol Particles ◽  
Organic Aerosol ◽  
Organic Mass ◽  
Aerosol Mass Spectrometer ◽  
Beijing Olympic Games ◽  
Aerosol Mass ◽  
2008 Beijing Olympic Games

Abstract. As part of Campaigns of Air Quality Research in Beijing and Surrounding Region-2008 (CAREBeijing-2008), an Aerodyne High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) was deployed in urban Beijing to characterize submicron aerosol particles during the time of 2008 Beijing Olympic Games and Paralympic Games (24 July to 20 September 2008). The campaign mean PM1 mass concentration was 63.1 ± 39.8 μg m−3; the mean composition consisted of organics (37.9%), sulfate (26.7%), ammonium (15.9%), nitrate (15.8%), black carbon (3.1%), and chloride (0.87%). The average size distributions of the species (except BC) were all dominated by an accumulation mode peaking at about 600 nm in vacuum aerodynamic diameter, and organics was characterized by an additional smaller mode extending below 100 nm. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) analysis of the high resolution organic mass spectral dataset differentiated the organic aerosol into four components, i.e., hydrocarbon-like (HOA), cooking-related (COA), and two oxygenated organic aerosols (OOA-1 and OOA-2), which on average accounted for 18.1, 24.4, 33.7 and 23.7% of the total organic mass, respectively. The HOA was identified to be closely associated with primary combustion sources, while the COA mass spectrum and diurnal pattern showed similar characteristics to that measured for cooking emissions. The OOA components correspond to aged secondary organic aerosol. Although the two OOA components have similar elemental (O/C, H/C) compositions, they display differences in mass spectra and time series which appear to correlate with the different source regions sampled during the campaign. Back trajectory clustering analysis indicated that the southerly air flows were associated with the highest PM1 pollution during the campaign. Aerosol particles in southern airmasses were especially rich in inorganic and oxidized organic species. Aerosol particles in northern airmasses contained a large fraction of primary HOA and COA species, probably due to stronger influences from local emissions. The lowest concentration levels for all major species were obtained during the Olympic game days (8 to 24 August 2008), possibly due to the effects of both strict emission controls and favorable meteorological conditions.

scholarly journals Investigations of primary and secondary particulate matter of different wood combustion appliances with a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 5945-5957 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. Heringa ◽  
P. F. DeCarlo ◽  
R. Chirico ◽  
T. Tritscher ◽  
J. Dommen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Mass Spectrometer ◽  
Organic Aerosol ◽  
Smog Chamber ◽  
Resolution Time ◽  
Aerosol Mass Spectrometer ◽  
Aerosol Mass ◽  
Wood Burning ◽  
Primary Emissions ◽  
Stable Burning

Abstract. A series of photo-oxidation smog chamber experiments were performed to investigate the primary emissions and secondary aerosol formation from two different log wood burners and a residential pellet burner under different burning conditions: starting and flaming phase. Emissions were sampled from the chimney and injected into the smog chamber leading to primary organic aerosol (POA) concentrations comparable to ambient levels. The composition of the aerosol was measured by an Aerodyne high resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-TOF-AMS) and black carbon (BC) instrumentation. The primary emissions were then exposed to xenon light to initiate photo-chemistry and subsequent secondary organic aerosol (SOA) production. After correcting for wall losses, the average increase in organic matter (OM) concentrations by SOA formation for the starting and flaming phase experiments with the two log wood burners was found to be a factor of 4.1±1.4 after five hours of aging. No SOA formation was observed for the stable burning phase of the pellet burner. The startup emissions of the pellet burner showed an increase in OM concentration by a factor of 3.3. Including the measured SOA formation potential, average emission factors of BC+POA+SOA, calculated from CO2 emission, were found to be in the range of 0.04 to 3.9 g/kg wood for the stable burning pellet burner and an old log wood burner during startup respectively. SOA contributed significantly to the ion C2H4O2+ at mass to charge ratio m/z 60, a commonly used marker for primary emissions of wood burning. This contribution at m/z 60 can overcompensate for the degradation of levoglucosan leading to an overestimation of the contribution of wood burning or biomass burning to the total OM. The primary organic emissions from the three different burners showed a wide range in O:C atomic ratio (0.19−0.60) for the starting and flaming conditions, which also increased during aging. Primary wood burning emissions have a rather low relative contribution at m/z 43 (f 43) to the total organic mass spectrum. The non-oxidized fragment C3H7+ has a considerable contribution at m/z 43 for the fresh OA with an increasing contribution of the oxygenated ion C2H3O+ during aging. After five hours of aging, the OA has a rather low C2H3O+ signal for a given CO2+ fraction, possibly indicating a higher ratio of acid to non-acid oxygenated compounds in wood burning OA compared to other oxygenated organic aerosol (OOA).

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