Revisión del sistema de vigilancia de lesiones y enfermedades durante juegos multideportivos (Review of the injury and illnesses surveillance system during multi-sport games)

El objetivo de este estudio fuer presentar al Sistema de Vigilancia de Lesiones y Enfermedades (SVLE) del Comité Olímpico Internacional (COI) diseñado para eventos multideportivos como un insumo para la planificación de los recursos necesarios para competencias deportivas. Desarrollamos una revisión sistemática siguiendo la guía PRISMA considerando como criterio de inclusión los eventos multideportivos con implementación de la SVLE del COI. La búsqueda fue realizada en los principales buscadores científicos (PubMed, Scopus, Scielo, ScientDirect, LILACS, y Latindex), en servidores públicos de pre-publicaciones (bioRxiv, SocArXiv, medRxiv y Preprints) y en metabuscadores (Google Scholar y Yahoo!). En la selección inicial se obtuvieron 367 estudios, incluyéndose 19 estudios para su análisis, donde solo 4 fueron deportes unitarios como fútbol, atletismo y balonmano. El SVLE del COI se ha usado inicialmente a gran escala en los Juegos Olímpicos de Beijing 2008 en 7 idiomas, al día de hoy más de 56,063 atletas en 19 eventos deportivos. En Sudamérica este sistema fue empleado en el I Juegos Deportivos Nacionales de Chile, los Juegos Olímpicos de Verano y los Juegos Olímpicos Rio 2016, y en los Juegos Panamericanos Lima 2019. Esta revisión muestra la experiencia documentada del SVLE del COI a lo largo de más de una década de uso de este instrumento, demostrando que el SVLE representa una herramienta útil, sencilla y ágil para el monitoreo de incidencias sanitarias. Abstract. The objective of this study was to present the Injury and Illness Surveillance System (SVLE) of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) designed for multi-sport events as an input for planning the necessary resources for sports competitions. We developed a systematic review following the PRISMA guide, considering multi-sport events with implementation of the IOC SVLE as inclusion criteria. The search was carried out in the main scientific search engines (PubMed, Scopus, Scielo, ScientDirect, LILACS, and Latindex), in public pre-publication servers (bioRxiv, SocArXiv, medRxiv, and Preprints), and metasearch engines (Google Scholar and Yahoo!). In the initial selection, 367 studies were obtained, including 19 studies for analysis, where only 4 were unitary sports such as soccer, athletics, and handball. The IOC SVLE has initially been used on a large scale at the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games in 7 languages, monitoring today more than 56,063 athletes in 19 sporting events. In South America, this system was used in the I National Sports Games of Chile, the Summer Olympic Games and the Rio 2016 Olympic Games, and the Lima 2019 Pan American Games. This review shows the documented experience of the IOC SVLE throughout more of a decade of use of this instrument, demonstrating that the SVLE represents a useful, simple, and agile tool for monitoring health incidents.

New application of blockchain: digital currency model design in the context of Winter Olympics

With the further expansion of blockchain application ecology, various applications and infrastructure around digital currency are constantly enriched and improved, and the whole market is booming along the healthy track. The Chinese government also attaches great importance to the development and application of block chain technology. President Xi Jinping stressed the importance of the block chain as an important breakthrough in the core technology independent innovation in the eighteenth collective learning of the Central Political Bureau. In October 2020, the pilot project of digital RMB will be launched in Shenzhen. Under the blockchain empowerment, the design, issuance and landing preparation of China's digital RMB have been in the forefront of the central bank's digital currency. Although the technical feature of blockchain is decentralization, the central bank can effectively integrate the distributed operation by using blockchain, so as to better realize the centralized management and control of digital currency. Taking the Beijing Olympic Games as an example, this paper analyzes the problems that may occur in the use of digital RMB in the Winter Olympics, puts forward an assumption of using digital currency based on partial decentralization, and puts forward the overall architecture design, and analyzes its feasibility and practicability.

Combinations of Epidemiological and Experimental Studies in Air Pollution Research: A Narrative Review

Scientific literature is evolving to include more systematic reviews that encompass epidemiological and experimental papers so that the whole picture can be examined. The aim of this narrative review is to bridge that gap by combining epidemiological and experimental studies based on the same setting: Examples of Bitterfeld, Utah Valley, Beijing Olympic Games, and Viadana. This review looks at four examples that incorporate multiple epidemiological and experimental papers about air pollution exposure and health effects. The Bitterfeld (spatial) and Utah Valley (temporal) examples showed that particle composition causes the biggest difference in lung injury. In Beijing, a temporal difference of before/after and during the Olympics showed that traffic and industry air pollution-related health effects like lung cancer and cardiovascular disease could be reduced by improvement of air quality. The Viadana example showed a spatial difference in respiratory injury caused by particle composition and interactions with genotoxicity. Combining experimental and epidemiological methods gives a more in-depth look into the whole picture of exposure and health effects. Our review exemplifies the strength of this strategy and encourages further use of it.

Status and Intervention in Darfur, Sudan 2004–2008

Chapter 4 analyzes China’s decision to shift its position on intervention in Sudan over the Darfur crisis. China went from viewing Sudan’s problems as domestic affairs not for the UN Security Council’s purview, to actively supporting intervention. China wrangled and effectively “enforced” consent from Khartoum for a UN Charter Chapter VII peacekeeping mission, and acquiesced to a referral of the Sudan case to the International Criminal Court, which led to an indictment of sitting President Omar al-Bashir. Though this case is popularly understood as being determined by material drivers—like shielding the Sino-Sudanese economic relationship, or addressing the reputational threat of the “Genocide Olympics” to the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games—the chapter demonstrates that status is the key variable to explain China’s shifting position. Under mounting pressure from both the great powers (the “P3” of the United States, the United Kingdom, France) and the African Union, in particular, China gravitated to supporting and permitting intervention with a yes vote for the UN-AU Hybrid Peace Operation (UNAMID) and an abstention vote for an International Criminal Court referral in 2005, and again in 2008.

Theory Mathematics and Physics Model Fitting of Kinematic Parameter for Usain Bolt 100 Metres Sprint at Beijing Olympic Games 2008

In this paper, we develop a mathematical and physics model or formula of displacement-time dependent, velocity-time dependent, acceleration-time dependent, kinetic energy-time dependent and mechanical power-time dependent for Usain Bolt in the 100 m sprint at Beijing olympic games 2008. We use data of distance, velocity, time for Usain Bolt from Mackata Krzysztof and Antti Mero analysis kinematic parameter of Usain Bolt to compare the mathematical and physics model. The mathematical and physics model corresponding velocity, and acceleration as shown in the book entitled Introduction to sport biomechanics of Roger Bartlett(pp.83-92).

The transport infraestructure contribution to the urban legacy of the Beijing Olympic Games

When a host city is chosen for the Olympic Games, its visibility on the international stage is increased and it becomes the focus for investments. Urban interventions that can accelerate the implementation of previously drawn up plans or redirect the urban planning process are performed. However, most discussions about the legacy of major sporting events take place without any empirical studies. This study seeks to analyze the planning proposals presented in Beijing, China, and the process by which they were physically implemented in the city. An indirect analysis methodology was carried out based on aerial images to establish a temporal comparison of the physical configurations in the vicinities of the urban railway structures. In this way, identify different dynamics in the four years after Beijing was chosen as the host city, in the year of the event and in the four years after it. It was possible to conclude that investment in transport infrastructure may have helped to consolidate the polycentric decentralization intended by the master plan for the city.