In-situ microphysical characterization of low-level clouds in the Finnish sub-Arctic, extensive dataset

Abstract. Continuous, semi-long-term, ground based in-situ cloud measurements were conducted during eight Pallas Cloud Experiments (PaCE) held in autumns between 2004 and 2019. Campaigns were carried out in the Finnish sub-Arctic region at the Sammaltunturi station (67°58′24′′ N, 24°06′58′′ E; 560 m MSL), the part of Pallas Atmosphere – Ecosystem Supersite and Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) program. Two cloud spectrometer ground setups and a weather station were installed on the roof of the station to measure in-situ cloud properties and several meteorological variables. Thus, the obtained data sets include the size distribution of cloud droplets as a measured cloud parameter along with the temperature, dew point temperature, humidity, pressure, wind speed and direction, (global solar) sun radiation and visibility at the station. Additionally, the number concentration, effective diameter, median volume diameter and liquid water content from each instrument were derived. The presented data sets provide a great insight into microphysics of low-level clouds in sub-Arctic conditions over a wide range of temperatures (includes cloud cases with temperature from -25.8 to 8.8 °C). The data are available from the FMI open data repository for each campaign and each cloud spectrometer ground setup individually: https://doi.org/10.23728/FMI-B2SHARE.988739D21B824C709084E88ED6C6D54B (Doulgeris et al., 2021).

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Characterising RDF data sets

Journal of Information Science ◽

10.1177/0165551516677945 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 44 (2) ◽

pp. 203-229 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Javier D Fernández ◽

Miguel A Martínez-Prieto ◽

Pablo de la Fuente Redondo ◽

Claudio Gutiérrez

Keyword(s):

Data Structures ◽

Large Scale ◽

Open Data ◽

Structural Features ◽

Data Sets ◽

Data Set ◽

Wide Range ◽

Rdf Data ◽

Description Framework ◽

Resource Description

The publication of semantic web data, commonly represented in Resource Description Framework (RDF), has experienced outstanding growth over the last few years. Data from all fields of knowledge are shared publicly and interconnected in active initiatives such as Linked Open Data. However, despite the increasing availability of applications managing large-scale RDF information such as RDF stores and reasoning tools, little attention has been given to the structural features emerging in real-world RDF data. Our work addresses this issue by proposing specific metrics to characterise RDF data. We specifically focus on revealing the redundancy of each data set, as well as common structural patterns. We evaluate the proposed metrics on several data sets, which cover a wide range of designs and models. Our findings provide a basis for more efficient RDF data structures, indexes and compressors.

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In situ ground based measurements of low level clouds during 10 years of Pallas cloud experiments.

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-13138 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Konstantinos Doulgeris ◽

David Brus

Keyword(s):

Water Content ◽

Liquid Water ◽

Meteorological Data ◽

Liquid Water Content ◽

Data Set ◽

Radiative Balance ◽

Low Level ◽

Major Factors

Clouds and their interaction with aerosols are considered one of the major factors that are connected with uncertainties in predictions of climate change and are highly associated with earth radiative balance. Semi long term in-situ measurements of Arctic low-level clouds have been conducted during last 10 year (2009 - 2019) autumns at Sammaltunturi station (67&#9702;58&#180;N, 24&#9702;07&#180;E, and 560 m a.s.l.), the part of Pallas Atmosphere - Ecosystem Supersite and Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) programme. During these years a unique data set of continuous and detailed ground-based cloud observations over the sub-Arctic area was obtained. The in-situ cloud measurements were made using two cloud probes that were installed on the roof of the station: the Cloud, Aerosol and Precipitation Spectrometer probe (CAPS) and the Forward Scattering Spectrometer Probe (FSSP), both made by droplet measurement technologies (DMT, Longmont, CO, USA). CAPS in&#173;cludes three instruments: the Cloud Imaging Probe (CIP, 12.5 &#956;m-1.55 mm), the Cloud and Aerosol Spectrometer (CAS-DPOL, 0.51-50 &#956;m) with depolarization feature and the Hotwire Liquid Water Content Sensor (Hotwire LWC, 0 - 3 g/m3). Vaisala FD12P weather sensor was used to measure all the meteorological data. The essential cloud microphysical parameters we investigated during this work were the size distributions, the total number concentrations, the effective radius of cloud droplets and the cloud liquid water content. The year to year comparison and correlations among semi long term in situ cloud measurements and meteorology are presented.

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Combined Observational and Model Investigations of the Z–LWC Relationship in Stratocumulus Clouds

Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology ◽

10.1175/2007jamc1701.1 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 47 (2) ◽

pp. 591-606 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

A. Khain ◽

M. Pinsky ◽

L. Magaritz ◽

O. Krasnov ◽

H. W. J. Russchenberg

Keyword(s):

Velocity Field ◽

Liquid Water Content ◽

Radar Reflectivity ◽

Cumulus Clouds ◽

Entire Volume ◽

Diffusion Growth ◽

Wide Range ◽

Retrieval Algorithms ◽

Stratocumulus Clouds

Abstract In situ measurements indicate the complexity and nonunique character of radar reflectivity–liquid water content (Z–LWC) relationships in stratocumulus and cumulus clouds. Parameters of empirical (statistical) Z–LWC dependences vary within a wide range. Respectively, the accuracy of retrieval algorithms remains low. This situation is partially related to the fact that empirical algorithms and parameters are often derived without a corresponding understanding of physical mechanisms responsible for the formation of the Z–LWC diagrams. In this study, the authors investigate the processes of formation of the Z–LWC relationships using a new trajectory ensemble model of the cloud-topped boundary layer (BL). In the model, the entire volume of the BL is covered by Lagrangian parcels advected by a turbulent-like velocity field. The time-dependent velocity field is generated by a turbulent model and obeys the correlation turbulent laws. Each Lagrangian parcel represents the “cloud parcel model” with an accurate description of processes of diffusion growth–evaporation of aerosols and droplets and droplet collisions. The fact that parcels are adjacent to each other allows one to calculate sedimentation of droplets and precipitation (drizzle) formation. The characteristic parcel size is 50 m; the number of parcels is 1840. The model calculates droplet size distributions (DSDs), as well as their moments (e.g., aerosol and drop concentration, mass content, radar reflectivity) in each parcel. In the course of the model integration, Z–LWC relationships are calculated for each parcel, as well as the scattering diagram including all parcels. The model reproduces in situ observed types of the Z–LWC relationships. It is shown that different regimes represent different stages of cloud evolution: diffusion growth, beginning of drizzle formation, and stage of heavy drizzle, respectively. The large scattering of the Z–LWC relationships is found to be an inherent property of any drizzling cloud. Different zones on the Z–LWC diagram are related to cloud volumes located at different levels within a cloud and having different DSD. This finding allows for improvement of retrieval algorithms.

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Community design indicators and neighbourhood population health

10.32920/ryerson.14661486.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Anthony Smith

Keyword(s):

Open Data ◽

Implementation Strategies ◽

Community Design ◽

Data Sets ◽

Health Measures ◽

Environment And Health ◽

Planning And Design ◽

Metro Vancouver ◽

Wide Range ◽

Healthy Community

OBJECTIVE – Healthy community design is an emerging paradigm that unites the fields of Urban Planning and Public Health. This study calculates a comprehensive set of community design indicators (CDIs) using open data sets and links results to a wide range of health measures. METHODS – A literature review informed creation of a comprehensive CDI framework and indicators were calculated using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for 106 neighbourhoods in Metro Vancouver, Canada. Correlations were then evaluated between CDIs and both built environment and health measures from the My Health My Community (MHMC) survey. RESULTS – Several CDIs had moderate correlations with one or more health measures. In particular, there were many associations between CDIs and rates of utilitarian walking and levels of obesity. DISCUSSION – This study supports professional practice related to evidence-based stakeholder engagement and decision-making, performance-based planning and design, measurement of health, economic and environmental performance of communities, and intersectoral collaborations that create a healthy community design vision and action-oriented implementation strategies.

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The International Soil Moisture Network: serving Earth system science for over a decade

10.5194/hess-2021-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Wouter Dorigo ◽

Irene Himmelbauer ◽

Daniel Aberer ◽

Lukas Schremmer ◽

Ivana Petrakovic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Quality Control ◽

Soil Moisture ◽

European Space Agency ◽

Data Repository ◽

Reference Database ◽

Data Sets ◽

Scientific Publications ◽

Data Set ◽

Space Agency

Abstract. In 2009, the International Soil Moisture Network (ISMN) was initiated as a community effort, funded by the European Space Agency, to serve as a centralised data hosting facility for globally available in situ soil moisture measurements (Dorigo et al., 2011a, b). The ISMN brings together in situ soil moisture measurements collected and freely shared by a multitude of organisations, harmonizes them in terms of units and sampling rates, applies advanced quality control, and stores them in a database. Users can freely retrieve the data from this database through an online web portal (https://ismn.earth). Meanwhile, the ISMN has evolved into the primary in situ soil moisture reference database worldwide, as evidenced by more than 3000 active users and over 1000 scientific publications referencing the data sets provided by the network. As of December 2020, the ISMN now contains data of 65 networks and 2678 stations located all over the globe, with a time period spanning from 1952 to present.The number of networks and stations covered by the ISMN is still growing and many of the data sets contained in the database continue to be updated. The main scope of this paper is to inform readers about the evolution of the ISMN over the past decade,including a description of network and data set updates and quality control procedures. A comprehensive review of existing literature making use of ISMN data is also provided in order to identify current limitations in functionality and data usage, and to shape priorities for the next decade of operations of this unique community-based data repository.

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Interpreting and reporting 40Ar/39Ar geochronologic data

Geological Society of America Bulletin ◽

10.1130/b35560.1 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Allen J. Schaen ◽

Brian R. Jicha ◽

Kip V. Hodges ◽

Pieter Vermeesch ◽

Mark E. Stelten ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Noble Gas ◽

Data Sets ◽

Mass Spectrometers ◽

Collateral Information ◽

Wide Range ◽

Bearing Materials ◽

Broad Variety ◽

Dating Method ◽

Interpretive Strategies

The 40Ar/39Ar dating method is among the most versatile of geochronometers, having the potential to date a broad variety of K-bearing materials spanning from the time of Earth’s formation into the historical realm. Measurements using modern noble-gas mass spectrometers are now producing 40Ar/39Ar dates with analytical uncertainties of ∼0.1%, thereby providing precise time constraints for a wide range of geologic and extraterrestrial processes. Analyses of increasingly smaller subsamples have revealed age dispersion in many materials, including some minerals used as neutron fluence monitors. Accordingly, interpretive strategies are evolving to address observed dispersion in dates from a single sample. Moreover, inferring a geologically meaningful “age” from a measured “date” or set of dates is dependent on the geological problem being addressed and the salient assumptions associated with each set of data. We highlight requirements for collateral information that will better constrain the interpretation of 40Ar/39Ar data sets, including those associated with single-crystal fusion analyses, incremental heating experiments, and in situ analyses of microsampled domains. To ensure the utility and viability of published results, we emphasize previous recommendations for reporting 40Ar/39Ar data and the related essential metadata, with the amendment that data conform to evolving standards of being findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable (FAIR) by both humans and computers. Our examples provide guidance for the presentation and interpretation of 40Ar/39Ar dates to maximize their interdisciplinary usage, reproducibility, and longevity.

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Community design indicators and neighbourhood population health

10.32920/ryerson.14661486 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Anthony Smith

Keyword(s):

Open Data ◽

Implementation Strategies ◽

Community Design ◽

Data Sets ◽

Health Measures ◽

Environment And Health ◽

Planning And Design ◽

Metro Vancouver ◽

Wide Range ◽

Healthy Community

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Preliminary results from interdisciplinary fault characterization in the Bedretto Underground Laboratory

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-20127 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Alexis Shakas ◽

Hannes Krietsch ◽

Marian Hertrich ◽

Nima Gholizadeh ◽

Katrin Plenkers ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rock Mass ◽

Fracture Zone ◽

Geothermal Energy ◽

Swiss Alps ◽

Underground Laboratory ◽

Data Sets ◽

Remote Imaging ◽

Wide Range

Engineered Geothermal Systems (EGS) are gaining increasing popularity as a source of renewable energy without significant CO2 emissions. Fractured crystalline rock masses offer a promising environment for exploitation of geothermal energy. In such a setting, fractures and faults are the main conduits for fluid flow and heat transport. In-situ fracture permeabilities are usually too low at depths where rock mass temperatures are sufficiently high for geothermal energy production. Therefore, a suitable heat exchanger needs to be engineered by hydraulic stimulations. A proper in-situ characterization of the fracture geometry and hydro-mechanical properties is of primary importance for the design of the stimulation operations. This is often the most challenging task, since the majority of the fractures in the reservoir are usually inaccessible for direct characterization.&#160;The Bedretto Underground Laboratory for Geosciences (BULG) provides a novel and unique environment to study EGS-related processes, such as seismo-hydro-mechanical fault zone response during hydraulic stimulation and subsequent fluid circulation experiments. The laboratory is hosted in an access tunnel from the Bedretto Valley in the Southern Swiss Alps to a railway tunnel from the Matterhorn-Gotthard-Bahn. The overburden of more than 1000 m above the BULG provides conditions that are approaching those of realistic EGS systems. For the rock mass characterization, three boreholes were drilled perpendicular to tunnel axis with lengths ranging from 190 m to 300 m.&#160;We present first data sets from a variety of methodologies, ranging from hydrological tests to geophysical borehole- and remote-imaging. The complementary nature of these data sets allows us to construct a preliminary three dimensional geological model. Notably, the individual measurements yielded information over a multitude of scales, ranging from millimeter-scale core-log information to decameter scale low-frequency Ground Penetrating Radar measurements. Such a wide range of scales is critical for the characterization of EGS reservoirs. The most prominent feature found is a large-scale fracture zone that extends across the entire investigation volume. This fracture zone will be the target for upcoming stimulation experiments.

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In-situ cloud ground based measurements in Finnish sub-Arctic: Intercomparison of three cloud spectrometers

10.5194/amt-2020-3 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Konstantinos-Matthaios Doulgeris ◽

Mika Komppula ◽

Sami Romakkaniemi ◽

Antti-Pekka Hyvärinen ◽

Veli-Matti Kerminen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Content ◽

Liquid Water ◽

Wind Direction ◽

Liquid Water Content ◽

Measured Parameter ◽

Effective Diameter ◽

Rotating Platform ◽

Cloud Droplets ◽

Median Volume

Abstract. Continuous, semi-long term, ground based, in-situ cloud measurements were conducted during the Pallas Cloud Experiment (PaCE) in 2013. The measurements were carried out in Finnish sub-Arctic region at Sammaltunturi station (67°58'N, 24°07'E, and 560 m a.s.l.), the part of Pallas Atmosphere – Ecosystem Supersite and Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) programme. The main motivation of the campaign was to conduct in-situ cloud measurements with three different cloud spectrometer probes and perform an evaluation of their ground based setups. Therefore, we mutually compared the performance of the Cloud and Aerosol Spectrometer (CAS), the Cloud Droplet Probe (CDP) and the Forward Scattering Spectrometer Probe (FSSP-100), (DMT, Boulder, CO, USA). We investigated how different meteorological parameters affect each instrument operation and quantified possible biases and discrepancies of different microphysical cloud properties. Based on obtained results we suggested limitations for further use of the instruments in campaigns where focus is on investigating aerosol cloud interactions. Measurements in this study were made by Finnish Meteorological Institute owned instruments and results concern their operation in sub-Arctic conditions with frequently occurring super-cooled clouds. Measured parameter from each instrument was the size distribution and additionally we derived the number concentration, the effective diameter, the median volume diameter and the liquid water content. A complete intercomparison between the CAS probe and the FSSP-100 and additionally between the FSSP-100 and the CDP probe was made and presented. Unfortunately, there was not sufficient amount of common data to compare all three probes together due to operational problems of the CDP ground setup in sub-zero conditions. The CAS probe that was fixed to one direction lost significant number of cloud droplets when the wind direction was out of wind iso axial conditions in comparison with the FSSP-100 and the CDP which were both placed on a rotating platform. We revealed that CAS and FSSP-100 had good agreement in deriving sizing parameters (effective diameter and median volume diameter from 5 to 35 µm) even though CAS was losing a significant amount of cloud droplets. The most sensitive derived parameter was liquid water content which was strongly connected to the wind direction and temperature.

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EcoClimate: a database of climate data from multiple models for past, present, and future for macroecologists and biogeographers

Biodiversity Informatics ◽

10.17161/bi.v10i0.4955 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 10 ◽

Cited By ~ 54

Author(s):

Matheus Souza Lima-Ribeiro

Keyword(s):

Open Data ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Data Repository ◽

Data Sets ◽

Climate Data ◽

Ecological Niche Models ◽

Coupled Modeling ◽

Spatial And Temporal Scales ◽

Multi Temporal ◽

Model Ensembles

Studies in biogeography and macroecology have been increasing massively since climate and biodiversity databases became easily accessible. Climate simulations for past, present, and future have enabled macroecologists and biogeographers to combine data on species’ occurrences with detailed information on climatic conditions through time to predict biological responses across large spatial and temporal scales. Here we present and describe ecoClimate, a free and open data repository developed to serve useful climate data to macroecologists and biogeographers. ecoClimate arose from the need for climate layers with which to build ecological niche models and test macroecological and biogeographic hypotheses in the past, present, and future. ecoClimate offers a suite of processed, multi-temporal climate data sets from the most recent multi-model ensembles developed by the Coupled Modeling Intercomparison Projects (CMIP5) and Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Projects (PMIP3) across past, present, and future time frames, at global extents and 0.5° spatial resolution, in convenient formats for analysis and manipulation. A priority of ecoClimate is consistency across these diverse data, but retaining information on uncertainties among model predictions. The ecoClimate research group intends to maintain the web repository updated continuously as new model outputs become available, as well as software that makes our workflows broadly accessible.

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