scholarly journals Vapor plumes in a tropical wet forest: spotting the invisible evaporation

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 619-635
Author(s):  
César Dionisio Jiménez-Rodríguez ◽  
Miriam Coenders-Gerrits ◽  
Bart Schilperoort ◽  
Adriana del Pilar González-Angarita ◽  
Hubert Savenije
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
Formation Process ◽  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Minor Importance ◽  
Tropical Wet Forest ◽  
Air Convection ◽  
Rain Events ◽  
Lifting Condensation Level

Abstract. Forest evaporation exports a vast amount of water vapor from land ecosystems into the atmosphere. Meanwhile, evaporation during rain events is neglected or considered of minor importance in dense ecosystems. Air convection moves the water vapor upwards leading to the formation of large invisible vapor plumes, while the identification of visible vapor plumes has not yet been studied. This work describes the formation process of vapor plumes in a tropical wet forest as evidence of evaporation processes happening during rain events. In the dry season of 2018 at La Selva Biological Station (LSBS) in Costa Rica it was possible to spot visible vapor plumes within the forest canopy. The combination of time-lapse videos at the canopy top with conventional meteorological measurements along the canopy profile allowed us to identify the driver conditions required for this process to happen. This phenomenon happened only during rain events. Visible vapor plumes during the daytime occurred when the following three conditions are accomplished: presence of precipitation (P), air convection, and a lifting condensation level value smaller than 100 m at 43 m height (zlcl.43).

scholarly journals Vapor plumes in a tropical wet forest: spotting the invisible evaporation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
César Dionisio Jiménez-Rodríguez ◽  
Miriam Coenders-Gerrits ◽  
Bart Schilperoort ◽  
Adriana González-Angarita ◽  
Hubert Savenije
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Temperature Gradient ◽  
Formation Process ◽  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Minor Importance ◽  
Tropical Wet Forest ◽  
Air Convection ◽  
Rain Events ◽  
Lifting Condensation Level

Abstract. Forest evaporation exports a vast amount of water vapor from land ecosystems into the atmosphere. Meanwhile, evaporation during rain events is neglected or considered of minor importance in dense ecosystems. Air convection moves the water vapor upwards leading the formation of large invisible vapor plumes, while the identification of visible vapor plumes has not been studied yet. This work describes the formation process of vapor plumes in a tropical wet forest as evidence of evaporation processes happening during rain events. In the dry season of 2018 at La Selva Biological Station (LSBS) in Costa Rica it was possible to spot visible vapor plumes within the forest canopy. The combination of time-lapse videos at the canopy top with meteorological measurements along the canopy profile allowed to identify the conditions required for this process to happen. This phenomenon happened only during rain events, where evaporation measurements showed contributions of 1.8 mm d−1. Visible vapor plumes during day time occurred on the presence of precipitation (P), air convection identified by the temperature gradient (Δϴv / Δz) at 2 m height, and a lifting condensation level at 43 m height (Zlcl.43) smaller than 100 m.

scholarly journals Contribution of understory evaporation in a tropical wet forest during the dry season

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 2179-2206
Author(s):  
César Dionisio Jiménez-Rodríguez ◽  
Miriam Coenders-Gerrits ◽  
Jochen Wenninger ◽  
Adriana Gonzalez-Angarita ◽  
Hubert Savenije
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Water Concentration ◽  
High Water ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Stable Water Isotopes ◽  
Total Evaporation ◽  
Isotope Signature ◽  
Tropical Wet Forest

Abstract. Tropical wet forests are complex ecosystems with a large number of plant species. These environments are characterized by a high water availability throughout the whole year and a complex canopy structure. However, how the different sections of the canopy contribute to total evaporation is poorly understood. The aim of this work is to estimate the total evaporation flux and differentiate the contribution among canopy layers of a tropical wet forest in Costa Rica. The fluxes were monitored during the dry season by making use of the energy balance to quantify the fluxes and stable water isotopes to trace the sources of water vapor. Total evaporation was 275.5 mm and represents 55.9 % of the recorded precipitation (498.8 mm), with 11.7 % of the precipitation being intercepted and evaporated along the forest canopy. The understory beneath 8 m contributed 23.6 % of the evaporation, and almost half of it comes from the first 2 m of the understory. Stable water isotope signatures show different soil water sources depending on the plant type. Palms make use of a water source with an isotope signature similar to precipitation and throughfall. Soil water with a fractionated signature is used by trees, bushes and lianas. The isotope signature of water vapor samples overlap among different heights, but it was not possible to make use of the Keeling plot method due to the similar isotope signature of the possible sources of water vapor as well as the high water concentration even on the dryer days.

scholarly journals Contribution of understory evaporation in a tropical wet forest

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cesar Dionisio Jimenez-Rodriguez ◽  
Miriam Coenders-Gerrits ◽  
Jochen Wenninger ◽  
Adriana Gonzalez-Angarita ◽  
Hubert Savenije
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Canopy Structure ◽  
Water Concentration ◽  
High Water ◽  
Stable Water Isotopes ◽  
Total Evaporation ◽  
Isotope Signature ◽  
Tropical Wet Forest

Abstract. Tropical wet forests are complex ecosystems with a large number of plant species. These environments are characterized by a high water availability throughout the whole year and a complex canopy structure. However, how the different sections of the canopy contribute to total evaporation is poorly understood. The aim of this work is to estimate the total evaporation flux and differentiate the contribution among canopy layers of a tropical wet forest in Costa Rica. Monitoring the fluxes during the dry season by making use of the energy balance to quantify the fluxes and stable water isotopes to trace the sources of water vapor. Total evaporation was 275.5 mm and represents 55.9 % of the recorded precipitation (498.8 mm), with 11.7 % of the precipitation being intercepted and evaporated along the forest canopy. The understory beneath 8 m contributed with 23.6 % of the evaporation and almost half of it comes from the first 2 m of the understory. Stable water isotope signatures show different soil water sources depending on the plant type. Palms make use of a water source with an isotope signature similar to precipitation and throughfall. Soil water with a fractionated signature is used by trees, bushes and lianas. The isotope signature of water vapor samples overlap among different heights, but it was not possible to make use of the keeling plot method due to the similar isotope signature of the possible sources of water vapor as well as the high water concentration even on the dryer days.

scholarly journals Biogenic volatile organic compound emissions from a lowland tropical wet forest in Costa Rica

2002 ◽  
Vol 36 (23) ◽  
pp. 3793-3802 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Geron ◽  
Alex Guenther ◽  
Jim Greenberg ◽  
Henry W Loescher ◽  
Deborah Clark ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Organic Compound ◽  
Volatile Organic Compound ◽  
Tropical Wet Forest ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Volatile Organic Compound Emissions ◽  
Biogenic Volatile Organic Compound

Stem-Growth Periodicity of Trees in a Tropical Wet Forest of Costa Rica

Ecology ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 1156-1164 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Breitsprecher ◽  
J. S. Bethel
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Stem Growth ◽  
Tropical Wet Forest ◽  
Growth Periodicity

Microhabitat distribution of protostelids in a Tropical Wet Forest in Costa Rica

Mycologia ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donna L. Moore ◽  
Steven L. Stephenson
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Tropical Wet Forest ◽  
Microhabitat Distribution

Deeply Buried Seeds in a Tropical Wet Forest in Costa Rica

Biotropica ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth R. Young
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Tropical Wet Forest ◽  
Buried Seeds

scholarly journals Water Vapor Effects on Formation Process of NiO/SiO2 Particles by CVD.

1993 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 1113-1119
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Ohi ◽  
Takashi Nishikawa ◽  
Mototake Yano
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Formation Process ◽  
Sio2 Particles

scholarly journals Aircraft measurements of microphysical properties of subvisible cirrus in the tropical tropopause layer

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 6255-6292 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Lawson ◽  
B. Pilson ◽  
B. Baker ◽  
Q. Mo ◽  
E. Jensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
High Water ◽  
Radiation Budget ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Cloud Particle ◽  
Tropical Tropopause Layer ◽  
Tropical Tropopause ◽  
Ice Particles ◽  
Validation Experiment

Abstract. Subvisible cirrus (SVC) clouds are often observed within the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) and have been shown to have a significant impact on the earth radiation budget. The Costa Rica Aura Validation Experiment (CR-AVE) sponsored by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) took place near San Jose, Costa Rica from 14 January–15 February 2006. The NASA WB-57F sampled SVC in the TTL from −75°C to −90°C with an improved set of cloud particle probes. The first digital images of ice particles in the TTL are compared with replicator images of ice particles collected in 1973 by a WB-57F in the TTL. The newer measurements reveal larger particles, on the order of 100 μm compared with <50 μm from the earlier measurements, and also different particle shapes. The 1973 particles were mainly columnar and trigonal, whereas the newer measurements are quasi-spherical and hexagonal plates. The WB-57F also measured very high water vapor contents with some instruments, up to 4 ppmv, and aerosols with mixed organics and sulfates. It is unknown whether these ambient conditions were present in the 1973 studies, and whether such conditions have an influence on particle shape and the development of the large particles. A companion paper (Jensen et al., 2007) presents crystal growth calculations that suggest that the high water vapor measurements are required to grow ice particles to the observed sizes of 100 μm and larger.

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