Mooney Viscosity Stability and Polymer Filler Interactions in Silica Filled Rubbers

2002 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chenchy Lin ◽  
William L. Hergenrother ◽  
Ashley S. Hilton
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Ester ◽  
Hydrolytic Stability ◽  
Unsaturated Rubber ◽  
Polymer Filler ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Filled Rubbers ◽  
Mooney Viscosity ◽  
Sugar Fatty Acid Ester ◽  
Viscosity Stability

Abstract The change in Mooney viscosity (ML1+4) with aging was followed for silica filled compounds containing various silanes and polar additives. Several mechanisms for the aging stability are postulated and evaluated through experimentation. The type of silane or polar additive used can cause the ML1+4 to increase or even decrease during aging. When bis(triethoxy silanes) are used in silica filled rubbers, the ML1+4 growth during aging is caused by hydrolysis. Silica-silica bridging was found to be responsible for the ML1+4 growth in rubber compounds containing a more thermally stable polysulfide or a sulfur-free bis(triethoxy silane). When the bis(triethoxy silane) is bis(3-triethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide (TESPT), a fraction of TESPT is attached to the unsaturated rubber to give polymer-silica attachments. These attachments further enhance the hydrolytic ML1+4 increase during aging. Chemical coating of the silica with a monofunctional silane or a physical coating with a trialkyl amine compound effectively stops the ML1+4 increase upon aging. The prevention of ML1+4 growth is so efficient that a reduction in the ML1+4 can be realized by absorption of ambient moisture. The extent of ML1+4 reduction caused by moisture depends on the degree of hydrophobation of the coated silicas. Hydrolytic stability was also studied with an amine or a sugar fatty acid ester that formed either strong or weak polar associations to the silica.

Ionic liquids as novel solvents for the synthesis of sugar fatty acid ester

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1565-1572 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ngoc Lan Mai ◽  
Kihun Ahn ◽  
Sang Woo Bae ◽  
Dong Woo Shin ◽  
Vivek Kumar Morya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Ester ◽  
Acid Ester ◽  
Sugar Fatty Acid Ester

Sugar fatty acid ester surfactants: Structure and ultimate aerobic biodegradability

2000 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene J. A. Baker ◽  
Barry Matthews ◽  
Hector Suares ◽  
Irena Krodkiewska ◽  
D. Neil Furlong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Ester ◽  
Acid Ester ◽  
Aerobic Biodegradability ◽  
Sugar Fatty Acid Ester

Sugar fatty acid ester surfactants: Biodegradation pathways

2000 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene J. A. Baker ◽  
R. Ian Willing ◽  
D. Neil Furlong ◽  
Franz Grieser ◽  
Calum J. Drummond
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Ester ◽  
Acid Ester ◽  
Sugar Fatty Acid Ester

scholarly journals Controlling reaction selectivity for sugar fatty acid ester synthesis by using resins with different basicities

2021 ◽  
Vol 340 ◽  
pp. 128100
Author(s):  
Tomone Sasayama ◽  
Ayumu Kanezawa ◽  
Kousuke Hiromori ◽  
Atsushi Takahashi ◽  
Naomi Shibasaki-Kitakawa
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Ester ◽  
Acid Ester ◽  
Ester Synthesis ◽  
Reaction Selectivity ◽  
Sugar Fatty Acid Ester

On the Filler Flocculation in Silica-Filled Rubbers Part I. Quantifying and Tracking the Filler Flocculation and Polymer-Filler Interactions in the Unvulcanized Rubber Compounds

2002 ◽  
Vol 75 (5) ◽  
pp. 865-890 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chenchy J. Lin ◽  
W. L. Hergenrother ◽  
E. Alexanian ◽  
G. G. A. Böhm
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Quantitative Characterization ◽  
Polymer Filler ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
On Line ◽  
Filled Rubbers ◽  
Dynamic Storage ◽  
Vulcanization Process ◽  
Flocculation Process

Abstract Filler flocculation was followed for silica filled compounds containing various alkoxy silanes and non-silane type polar additives. The methodology employed in this paper permitted a quantitative characterization of filler flocculation and polymer-filler interactions after heating the compound under conditions that simulated vulcanization. With the addition of trialkoxy silanes, the reduction of filler flocculation and the degree of polymer-filler interactions were found to depend on the type and the concentration of silane added, and on the mixing drop temperature (Td) used. Greater polymer-filler interactions and flocculation suppression were obtained with a compound containing a tetrasulfane when compared to that containing either a disulfane or a monofunctional-silane. Polar additives such as an amine compound and a sugar alcohol did not reduce the silica flocculation during simulated vulcanization because they were dewetted from the silica surface upon heating. The filler flocculation process was monitored by following the change of dynamic storage moduli using an on-line rheometer. The flocculation process order and process constant were extracted from the non-linear regression analysis of the kinetic data. These kinetic parameters were used to quantify the suppression of filler flocculation by the additives used. Filler flocculation was found not to be affected by the vulcanization process because it occurred prior to the onset of cure.

Sugar fatty acid ester surfactants: Base-catalyzed hydrolysis

2000 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene J. A. Baker ◽  
D. Neil Furlong ◽  
Franz Grieser ◽  
Calum J. Drummond
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Ester ◽  
Acid Ester ◽  
Sugar Fatty Acid Ester

Novel Coupling Agents for Silica-filled Rubbers with Superior Processing Safety and Improved Hysteresis of the Vulcanizates

2010 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Gerster ◽  
C. Fagouri ◽  
E. Peregi
Keyword(s):  
Mixing Time ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Coupling Agents ◽  
Tire Industry ◽  
Selective Functionalization ◽  
Current State ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Filled Rubbers ◽  
Ethanol Removal

Abstract One challenge facing green tire technology is to achieve good silica hydrophobation/dispersion within the polymer matrix without a detrimental increase in the rubber compound’s viscosity during compounding. This phenomenon is well known to be induced by premature and unwanted coupling and/or crosslinking of the traditional coupling agents. The current state-of-the-art polysulfides silanes, bis(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)tetrasulfide and to a lesser extent bis(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)disulfide (“Product Application—VP Si 75/VP X 75-S in the Rubber Industry,” Degussa Hüls Report No. PA 723.1E), need to be carefully incorporated with careful temperature control during the rubber compounding to prevent this “scorchy” behavior. This paper will present novel monofunctional silanes which are suited for preparing highly silica-loaded rubber compounds of superior processability, while applying fewer mixing passes, thereby reducing mixing times which can lead to improved productivity and cost savings. Additionally, these safer coupling agents can be processed at higher temperatures which can, again, lead to reduced mixing time and better ethanol removal thereby improving the tire’s physical properties and reducing the volatile organic compounds generated during the tire’s use. The rubber compounds produced using these monofunctional silanes are characterized by lower Mooney viscosity and improved processability. Advantageously, within these novel chemical classes of coupling agents, selective functionalization of the silanes allows production of tailor-made coupling agents which can respond to the specific requirements of the tire industry (Vilgis, T. A. and Heinrich, G., “Die Physic des Autoreifens,” Physikalische Blätter, Vol. 57, 2001, pp. 1–7).

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