scholarly journals A Constraint-based Analysis of Velar Affrication in Najdi vs. Hijazi Arabic

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 62
Author(s):  
Mahmoud S. Al Mahmoud
Keyword(s):  
Standard Arabic ◽  
Najdi Arabic ◽  
Free Variation

This paper attempts to account for the velar affrication in Najdi Arabic (NA) and its absence in Hijazi Arabic (HA). While NA consistently alters /k/ into [ts], and /ɡ/ into [dz], HA retains the velars and as such is more faithful to standard Arabic. The analysis follows from an Optimality-Theoretic (OT) framework (Prince and Smolensky, 1993) explicating different constraint interactions and introducing new markedness constraints. It is argued that the realizations of the velars as [k] and [ɡ] are in free variation distribution with their allophonic affricate counterparts [ts] and [dz], respectively, although the two variants of the same phoneme alternate under phonologically conditioned contexts.

scholarly journals Sound Correspondences of Modern Standard Arabic Moroccan Arabic and Najdi Arabic

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Darsita Suparno ◽  
Ulil Abshar ◽  
M. Wildan ◽  
Tri Pujiati
Keyword(s):  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Modern Standard Arabic ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Standard Arabic ◽  
Phonetic Similarity ◽  
Moroccan Arabic ◽  
Structural Linguistics ◽  
Najdi Arabic ◽  
Basic Vocabulary ◽  
Modern Standard

This paper studies the process of sound correspondences that occur in Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), Moroccan Arabic (MAR), and Najdi Arabic (NAR). It attempts to find answers for the following questions: a) What are the identical word pairs, words couples that have a phonemic correspondence, a phonetic similarity, and a pair of words that contains difference of one phoneme, b) What are the process of morphophonemic in the form of assimilation, metathesis, and epenthesis. It is addressed to portray the process of morphophonemic assimilation, metathesis and epenthesis in three Arabic languages using Crowley’s theory. This study used 207 of Morris Swadesh's basic vocabulary as the key standard procedure for collecting data. The criteria adopted to analyze the data were orthographic, sound-change, phonological, and morpheme contrast. This research used descriptive qualitative method. The source of the data was basic-word vocabulary. The data were gathered from three dictionaries as sources to get information. The data were analyzed by using structural linguistics, especially phonology, morphology, and semantics. This investigation informed several aspects of findings such as identifying prefixes, suffixes, assimilation, metathesis, and epenthesis. Using the Swadesh vocabulary list, the results of this study found 207 vocabularies for each language. By analyzing parts of speech, it was found that these vocabularies can be classified into five-word classes, namely, nouns, pronouns, verb, adjectives, adverbs, and determiners.

scholarly journals R-Expressions and the Interrogative Use of Anaphora in Najdi Arabic

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Mahmoud S. Al Mahmoud
Keyword(s):  
Central Region ◽  
Arabian Peninsula ◽  
Proper Names ◽  
Binding Theory ◽  
Modern Standard Arabic ◽  
Standard Arabic ◽  
Najdi Arabic ◽  
Modern Standard

This paper endeavors to explain how Najdi Arabic (NA), one of the dialects spoken in the central region of the Arabian Peninsula, diverges from Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) in its anaphoric treatment of R-expressions and pronominals. Data from a native Najdi Arabic informant suggest that only a subset of NA verbs allow proper names to be referentially bound by their antecedent pronouns in interrogative structures. Although this property is characteristic of Najdi Arabic not MSA, it yields certain challenges to the basic tenets of the Binding Theory. While Principle C of the Binding Theory requires R-expressions to be free, a referential reading of the NA data, which syntactically binds proper names with their pronominal referents, violates such principle. 

scholarly journals The phonetic and phonological status of the r-phones in Tunisian Arabic

2017 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-85
Author(s):  
Jamila Oueslati
Keyword(s):  
Standard Arabic ◽  
Complementary Distribution ◽  
Arabic Dialects ◽  
Classical Arabic ◽  
Tunisian Arabic ◽  
Free Variation

Abstract Some aspects of the participation of the r-phones in the phonetic and phonological systems of Tunisian Arabic are discussed against the background of a brief acquaintance with the situation obtaining in Standard Arabic and Classical Arabic. In contemporary Tunisian Arabic six r-phones occur and the relations of free variation, complementary distribution and phonological opposition between them are examined. The assimilation of the [r] to [l] is touched upon. The situation of r-phones in other Arabic dialects is addressed.

scholarly journals Resumption and Optionality in Arabic Definite Restrictive Relatives

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 154
Author(s):  
Issa Abdel-razaq
Keyword(s):  
Relative Clauses ◽  
Modern Standard Arabic ◽  
Standard Arabic ◽  
Resumptive Pronouns ◽  
Restrictive Relatives ◽  
Modern Standard ◽  
Free Variation ◽  
Minimalist Syntax

The present study examines the claim that definite relative clauses in Modern Standard Arabic exhibit free variation between resumptive pronouns and gaps. The implication of such a claim presents a problem for minimalist syntax that does not tolerate true optionality. To solve this problem, the study argues that the original claim is incorrect and that despite similarities in the PF outputs, resumptive relatives are syntactically different from gapped relatives. While the latter is derived from a standard VSO structure, I propose, the former is derived from a topic-comment structure that already contains an RP. Thus, the fact that resumptive relatives contain resumptive pronouns has nothing to do with relativization, as is generally assumed. The study demonstrates that both resumptive relatives and gapped relatives are derived by movement in contexts that do not involve islands. As it turns out, resumption in relatives is used only as a last resort strategy to save structures in which movement is genuinely blocked, such as islands, from crash. Altogether the study concludes that the variation observed does not reflect true optionality, a finding that supports robust economy principles of minimalist syntax. 

Standard Arabic

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Dickins ◽  
Janet C. E. Watson
Keyword(s):  
Standard Arabic

The effects of motivation on processing instruction in the acquisition of Modern Standard Arabic gender agreement

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-82
Author(s):  
Ayah Farhat ◽  
Alessandro Benati
Keyword(s):  
Academic Motivation ◽  
Processing Instruction ◽  
Gender Agreement ◽  
Modern Standard Arabic ◽  
Language Background ◽  
Standard Arabic ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Sentence Level ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Modern Standard

The present study investigates the effects of motivation and processing instruction on the acquisition of Modern Standard Arabic gender agreement. The role of individual differences (e.g. age, gender, aptitude, language background and working memory) on the positive effects generated by processing instruction has been investigated in the last few years. However, no previous research has been conducted to measure the possible effects of motivation on L2 learners exposed to processing instruction. In addition, a reasonable question to be addressed within the processing instruction research framework is whether its positive effects can be generalised to the acquisition of Modern Standard Arabic. The Academic Motivation Scale (AMS) and the Attitude Motivation Test Battery (AMTB) motivation questionnaires were used to capture different variables that influence motivation in order to create the two different groups (high and low motivated). In this experimental study, forty-one native English school-age learners (aged 8–11) were assigned to two groups: ‘the high motivated group’ (n = 29): and the ‘low motivated group’ (n = 12). Both groups received processing instruction, which lasted for three hours. Sentence-level interpretation and production tasks were used in a pre-test and post-test design to measure instructional effects. The learners were required to fill in gaps in both written and spoken mode for the activities. The study also included a delayed post-test administered to the two groups four weeks later. The results indicated that both groups improved equally from pre-test to post-test in all assessment measures and they both retained the positive effects of the training in the delayed posttests. Processing instruction was proved to be the main factor for the improvement in performance regardless of the learner’s level of motivation.

التطور الدلالي لمفهوم الألفاظ الحميرية واللهجات اليمانية القديمة في معاني القرآن الكريم/ Semantic development of the meaning of Himyarite words and the Ancient Yemeni dialects in the meanings of the Holy Quran

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zaynah Hussein Al-Qahṭānī ◽  
Asem Ali
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Method ◽  
Modern Time ◽  
Standard Arabic ◽  
Holy Quran ◽  
Semantic Development ◽  
The Holy Quran

ملخص البحث:  لقد خاض كثير من العلماء في خضم معركة الآراء التي دارت قديماً وحديثاً حول العلاقة بين العربية الشمالية واليمنية القديمة، ويأتي حكم أبي عمرو بن العلاء في مقدمة تلك الأحكام؛ فهو يرى أن الحميرية شيء والعربية شيء آخر، ومن قول أبي عمرو، وكان لهذا الحكم أثره الكبير في أفكار بعض علماء اللغة العربية القدامى وغيرهم ممن خاض في هذا الميدان؛ فاللغة اليمنية القديمة ليست لغة أعجمية، وليست هي نفسها عربية القرآن الفصحى المتوارثة بين الأجيال. تتبع الدراسة المنهج الوصفي والتحليلي، ويهدف البحث إلى استعراض أبرز المفردات الحميرية التي وردت في النقوش اليمانية ووردت ألفاظها ومعانيها في القرآن الكريم. توصلت الدراسة إلى ما يأتي: اندماج اللغة اليمنية في اللغة الحميرية وحملتها معها في ألفاظ القرآن الكريم، إن أبرز المفردات الحميرية التي وردت في النقوش اليمانية وردت ألفاظها ومعانيها في القرآن الكريم، إن أصول اللهجات اليمانية لها علاقة بالعربية الفصحى، وأن معاني المفردات في عامية أهل اليمن ودلالة الألفاظ الحميرية واللهجات اليمانية قد وردت في القرآن الكريم. الكلمات المفتاحية: التطور الدلالي-الألفاظ الحميرية-النقوش اليمانية-معاني المفردات. Abstract Many scholars have tried to contribute in the battle of views that have been going on traditionally and in modern time on the relation between the Northern Arabic and the ancient Yemeni dialect, and the opinion of Abu ʽAmru bin Al-ʽAlā' came at the top of those views. He saw that the Himyarite language and Arabic are two different entities, and this view had echoes in the thoughts of some traditional Arabic scholars and others who have been dwelling on this topic. Ancient Yemeni dialect is not a foreign dialect but at the same time is not the inherited Quranic Arabic as it is known. The study follows a descriptive analytical method and it aims to showcase the most prominent Himyarite words that were found in the Yemeni inscriptions and were also found in the Holy Quran. The study concluded with the followings;  a merging took place between the Yemeni language and the Himyarite language and subsequently with the vocabularies of the Quran; that the meaning of the most prominent Himyarite words in the Yemeni inscriptions were also mentioned in the Holy Quran; that the origin of the Yemeni dialects was related to the Standard Arabic; that the meanings of the words of the dialect of Yemenis and the meaning of Himyarite words alongside with other Yemeni dialects have been mentioned in the Quran. Keywords: Semantic development – Himyarite vocabularies – Yemeni Inscriptions – Meanings of words   Abstrak Sejumlah besar para cediakawan telah cuba untuk menyumbang dalam perdebatan pendapat yang telah berlarutan sekian lama sehinggalah ke zaman moden ini berkenaan dengan hubungkait antara loghat Arab utara dan loghat Yaman kuno serta pendapat Abu ‘Amru bin Al-‘AlÉ’ yang merupakan pendapat yang paling terkemuka di antaranya. Beliau berpendapat bahawa bahasa Himyar dan bahasa Arab adalah merupakan bahasa yang berbeza dan pendapat ini telah memberi kesan dalam pemikiran sebahagian ahli bahasa tradisional dan yang lain-lain yang membahaskan isu ini. Loghat kuno Yemen bukanlah satu dialek asing tetapi pada masa yang sama ia juga bukanlah bahasa warisan Al-Quran yang diketahui umum. Kajian ini mengikut pendekatan deskriptif analitikal dan bertujuan untuk mengetengahkan perkataan-perkataan Himyar yang penting yang ditemukan di batu-batu bersurat Yemen dan juga ditemukan di dalam Al-Quran. Kajian ini merumuskan perkara-perkara berikut: terjadi penggabungan antara bahasa Yemen dan Himyar dan seterusnya di antara perkataa-perkataan di dalam Al-Quran; maksud kebanuakan perkataan yang ditemukan dalam batu-batu bersurat itu juga turut disebut dalam Al-Quran; asal loghat-loghat Yemen ini juga mempunyai kaitan dengan Bahasa Arab Standard; terdapat di anatara maksud perkataan loghat Yemen  and maksud perkataan-perkataan Himyar di samping loghat-loghat Yemen yang lain yang turut tersebut dalam Al-Quran. Kata kunci: Perkembangan semantik – Perkataan Himyar – Batu bersurat Yemen  -Maksud perkataan

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