Participative opposition applied

Opposition theory is one of the main outcomes of structural linguistics of the last century. While it is still valid and used in the field of phonology, it has not had the same fortune in other linguistic disciplines and has been replaced by other theoretical concepts. The present paper aims to revisit the opposition theory, particularly Louis Hjelmslev’s theory of participative opposition. Participative opposition seems to have a high application potential not only in linguistics but also in other scientific fields. The first part of the paper outlines a brief history of the binary opposition theory within structural linguistics, while the second part introduces the somewhat forgotten concept of participative opposition, shows its explanatory power and, finally, its possible applicability in biology.

English language teaching methodology for non-native speakers

Main aim of the study was focused on the non-native English speakers and the difficulties they face while learning English as a second language (ESL) and the part of teachers. It is generally felt that the English language plays a vital role in the job market so it is mandatory to learn the language. when the students enroll for the courses to develop the language most of the time, they do not succeed because of various reasons like affecting teaching, lack of motivation, lack of practice sessions, poor training modules, etc. The method of relying on physical actions (Total physical response - TPR)developed by psychologist Jit is based on structural linguistics, behaviorism, and the humanistic direction in teaching, as well as on the position of psychology on the coordination of speech and physical actions that accompany it. The method develops the ideas of the natural method. Its essence lies in the fact that when teaching a foreign language, it is necessary to simulate the process of mastering children's native language, which is assimilated in parallel with the performance of appropriate physical actions. The perception of structures is facilitated if it is accompanied by actions performed by the teacher and students.

Opis struktur syntaktycznych we wczesnych pracach Zenona Klemensiewicza i Noama Chomskiego

Description of syntactic structures in the early works of Zenon Klemensiewicz and Noam Chomsky The article focuses on the early works of Z. Klemensiewicz (mostly Składnia opisowa współczesnej polszczyzny kulturalnej, 1937), and N. Chomsky (mainly Syntactic Structures, 1957). These authors come from different linguistic paradigms: structural linguistics, and generative linguistics, respectively. Despite that, their ideas have strong similarities, and although there is no reason to consider Klemensiewicz’s work as a direct inspiration for Chomsky, it seems quite reasonable to argue that different schools of linguistic thought were at times literally one step away from pioneering the generative paradigm. Keywords: Polish language studies, generative linguistics, N. Chomsky, Z. Klemensiewicz, structural linguistics

THE CONCEPTUAL FIELD „GLÜCK“ IN THE GERMAN LANGUAGE DISCOURSE

The present paper pays a special attention to such terms as “concept” and “conceptual field”, which play an extremely important role in understanding the processes of conceptualization of the reality in human cognition. The interpretation of the conceptual field as a fixed grouping of typologically and semantically homogeneous and hierarchically arranged concepts is substantiated in the study. The principles of modeling the conceptual field “Glück” in the German language discourse are considered. The means of verbalization of the concept “Glück”, namely a set of nominal lexemes for designating positive emotions (the lexeme “Glück” and its synonyms registered in the texts: Glück, Freude, Geschick, Heil, Hochgefühl, Schwein, Segen, Wonne) are under investigation. Based on the analysis of collocations of positively marked emotive nouns with verbs that cover certain areas in the conceptual field under study, the structure of the conceptual field “Glück” in the German language discourse is modeled. The conceptual areas constituting the core, the near and the far periphery are outlined. The degree of connection between different conceptual areas is determined and the areas exhibiting strong, medium or weak connection are found. Correlations between the conceptual areas have been established, each of which, forming figures of various configurations, is considered as a single conceptual complex. The use of methods of structural linguistics in the study of conceptual processes made it possible to obtain relevant objective data on the actualization of the emotional concept “Glück” in the German fiction of the 20th century. In summary, the author’s interpretation of the term “conceptual field” is suggested, which is defined as a set of conceptual spheres (areas) connected by systemic, interrelated and complementary relations, which is represented by the lexical field units (words) and within which units of the lexical level function and realize their meanings. The structure of the conceptual field “Glück” has been determined. The following conceptual areas constitute the core: “verbs of movement and displacement”, “verbs designating occurrence or appearance” and “verbs of spatial localization”. The near periphery is formed by: “action verbs”, “relational semantics verbs”, “stative, processual verbs”, “verbs of being”, and “verbs of mental and social actions of the subject.” The far periphery includes the following conceptual areas: “verbs of sounding and onomatopoeia”, “characterization verbs”, and “modal verbs”. Key words: concept, verbalizers, correlation analysis, conceptual field, conceptual area, core, periphery.

COVID-19 Lexicon in English News Reports Based on the Theory of Semantic Field

Coronavirus disease, or simply COVID-19, has affected many regions worldwide. The pandemic has caused great losses from all walks of life. Millions of people have died from the virus. In order to facilitate people’s understanding of COVID-19, the present study adopts the theory of semantic field to analyze the COVID-19 lexicon that appeared in China Daily, an authoritative international daily newspaper issued by China. A total of 100 pieces of English news issued by China Daily have been randomly selected for this research. According to the theory of semantic field in structural linguistics, the meaning of a word cannot stand alone, but come into being with the meanings of its related words. Therefore, it is reasonable to try to understand COVID-19 as thoroughly as possible with relevant words, which form its semantic field.

Vasily Abaev: the Russian Antistructuralist

Some linguists did not accept the structural ideas in the 1920s–1950s. One of the serious critics of structural linguistics in the Soviet Union was Vasily I. Abaev (1900–2001). His works on general linguistics were ignored or criticized though some of Abaev’s ideas were interesting. He distinguished two sides of language: “language as ideology” and “language as techniques”. According to him, every “element of speech” has a “technical and empiric nucleus” and an “ideological envelope” consisting of unstable “notions, sentiments and associations”. He considered structural methods as convenient if this level of language is mainly systematic (phonology), however, did not see much use in them concerning syntax and semantics.

SCIENTIFIC LINGUISTICS, A NEVER-ENDING HISTORY

1866 was a turning point in scientific linguistics when the Linguistic Society of Paris banned all papers and presentations on the origin of language. De Saussure locked up the debate with two concepts, diachrony and synchrony. I intend to examine the emergence of the hypothesis of a single origin of human articulated languages, in Africa first, and then Black Africa. The phylogenic approach of biological studies has today spread to linguistics. Sally McBrearty rejected the idea of a Neolithic revolution. Consequently, Black Africa became a major field of archaeological research. Yuval Noah Harari stating the existence of a symbolic revolution around 70,000 years ago, rejected Black Africa along with the Americas, and the Denisovans. Asia has become a major archaeological field. Julien d’Huy implements phylogenetic arborescent technique to the study of myths. The oldest form of a myth is not the origin of it. In oral civlizations some literate individual had to tell the story behind representations for the people to understand, appreciate, and remember them. I will then consider structural linguistics (Noam Chomsky & Universal Grammar). UG has never been able to develop semantics within its own system (Generative Semantics & George Lakoff). Science is always a temporarily approximate vision of what it considers. First, what any science explores is constantly evolving following phylogenic dynamics that are contained in the very objects of such scientific studies. Second, any new knowledge appearing in the field concerned causes a complete restructuration of what we knew before.

Seviotics of the Text and the Role of of the Reader in the Work «Six Walks in the Literary Woods» by Umberto Eco

В статье раскрывается значение термина «семиотика» и даётся научное определение семиотике как науке, с её характерными целями и задачами; рассматривается вклад основных представителей данного направления в развитие семиологии как науки. К ним относятся: швейцарский ученый, стоявший у истоков Женевской лингвистической школы, заложивший основы семиологии и структурной лингвистики, - Фердинанд де Соссюр; американский философ, сформулировавший термин «прагматика», - Чарльз Уильям Моррис; основоположник семиотики и прагматизма, математик и логик Чарльз Сандерс Пирс. На основе рассмотренных понятий анализируются избранные произведения известного итальянского писателя и ученого, внёсшего весомый вклад как в область теоретического, так и практического применения научного инструментария семиотики как методологии, - Умберто Эко. На примере эссе «Шесть прогулок в литературных лесах» подробно исследована структура всего произведения, характерный для него тип повествования и позиция, которую занимает сам автор. The article reveals the meaning of the term «semiotics» and gives a scientific definition of semiotics as a science, with its characteristic goals and objectives; the contribution of the main representatives of this direction to the development of semiology as a science is considered. These include: the Swiss scientist who was at the origins of the Geneva Linguistic School, who laid the foundations of semiology and structural linguistics - Ferdinand de Saussure; the American philosopher who formulated the term «pragmatics» - Charles William Morris; the founder of semiotics and pragmatism, mathematician and logician Charles Sanders Pierce. On the basis of the considered concepts, the selected works of the famous Italian writer and scientist, who made a significant contribution to both the theoretical and practical application of the scientific tools of semiotics as a methodology, Umberto Eco, are analyzed. Using the example of the essay «Six Walks in the Literary Woods», the structure of the en-tire work, the type of narrative characteristic of it, and the position taken by the author himself are studied in detail.

Syntactic and Semantic Features of Three-Act Verbs in Russian and Uzbek Languages

Research of syntactic-semantic analysis of three-act verbs consists in theoretical comprehension of transformational grammar in its enormous explanatory power. The core of transformational grammar is the idea of the core of the language, consisting of the simplest linguistic structures, from which all other linguistic structures of greater or lesser complexity can be derived. The problem of invariance, which is the central problem of modern structural linguistics, finds its most profound solution precisely in transformational grammar. The core of the language includes simple, declarative, active sentences, the so-called core sentences. In European languages, verb sentences are most common. They are followed by substantive, adjective and adverbial sentences in decreasing order of usage. In a simple sentence, the verb does not have to be the central node, but if there is a verb in the sentence, it is always the center of that sentence.

FUNGSI BAHASA MENURUT LEECH PADA PUISI KECOA PEMBANGUNAN KARYA W.S. RENDRA: IMPLEMENTASI PENGAJARAN SASTRA DI MTS [The function of language according to Leech in the poem 'Kecoa Pembangunan' by W.S. Rendra: The Implementation of Literature Teaching at MTs]

The issue in this article discusses about the understanding meaningcontext of poetry that has been not be studied from structural linguistics since the early 20th century. The purpose of this research is studying and analyzing contemporary poetry WS Rendra using the function of Leech language and enriching class VIII KD 3.7 material. and 4.7 on the building blocks of poetry text and deducing the meaning of the poetry text. Throughthe qualitative descriptive analysis method, WS Rendra's poetry was described by analyzing the lines in the verse of his poetry. The function of Leech language can be studied and analyzed in poetry literature, especially contemporary poetry. Five of the language functions, there is only one function that cannot be examined from the poem. It is the phatic function because the poem in entitled 'Kecoa Pembagunan' contains social criticism which used the words of satire and ridicule in every lines of the sentences. The function of the Leech language can be implemented in teaching because the results of the analysis can be integrated with the building blocks of poetry. As my suggestion, the teachers should expand the study of language functions from several experts to improve and expand literary material, especially poetry.Permasalahan yang dibahas dalam artikel ini tentang adanya pemahaman makna pada konteks puisi yang belum bisa dikaji dari linguistik struktural yang sudah ada sejak awal abad 20. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengkaji dan menganalisis puisi kontemporer WS Rendra dengan mengunakan fungsi bahasa Leech serta memperkaya materi kelas VIII KD 3.7 dan 4.7 pada unsur pembangun teks puisi serta menyimpulkan makna teks puisi. Dengan metode analisis deskriptif kualitatif, puisi WS Rendra dideskripsikan maknanya dengan menganalisis baris-baris dalam bait puisinya. Fungsi bahasa Leech dapat dikaji dan dianalisis pada sastra puisi, terutama puisi kontempoer. Dari lima fungsi bahasa hanya satu fungsi yang tidak bisa dikaji dari puisi tersebut, yaitu fungsi fatis. Hal ini dikarenakan puisi yang berjudul ‘Kecoa Pembagunan’ berisi kritik sosial yang menggunakan kata kias sindiran dan ejekan pada baris-baris kalimatnya. Fungsi bahasa Leech dapat diimplementasikan dalam pengajaran karena dari hasil analisis dapat terintegrasi dengan materi unsur-unsur pembangun puisi. Saran penulis, guru sebaiknyalebih memperluas kajian fungsi bahasa dari beberapa ahli untuk meningkatkan dan memperluas materi sastra terutama puisi.