Biodiesel (Methyl Esters)

Biodiesel, an environmentally friendly biomass-based fuel, is gaining popularity globally as a cost-effective way to meet rising fuel demand. However, the high cost of raw materials and catalysts continues to drive up biodiesel production. An alternative feedstock with a heterogeneously catalyzed reaction could be the most cost-effective way to stabilize industrial biodiesel growth. Understanding these issues led to the idea of using waste palm oil as a feedstock for biodiesel production. While using waste materials as feedstock for biodiesel is an elegant solution, converting high free fatty acids (FFA) directly into methyl esters has some drawbacks. High FFA processes (acid esterification, then base transesterification) are costly. The commercial processes currently use a homogeneous system with sulfuric acid to catalyze both esterification and transesterification. However, heterogeneous solid acid catalysts are preferred over hazardous mineral acids for high FFA esterification because they are less corrosive, produce less waste, and are easier to separate from reactants and products by filtration, recovery, and reusability. Heterogeneous acid catalysts can also simultaneously catalyze transesterification and esterification reactions. Thus, new waste-based support for heterogeneous catalysts (solid acid catalysts) is required to convert waste oils into biodiesel.

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Heterogeneous Tin Catalysts Applied to the Esterification and Transesterification Reactions

Journal of Catalysts ◽

10.1155/2013/510509 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Márcio José da Silva ◽

Abiney Lemos Cardoso

Keyword(s):

Solid Acid ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Solid Acid Catalysts ◽

Environmentally Benign ◽

Acid Catalysts ◽

Fatty Esters ◽

Production Processes ◽

Cosmetic Ingredients ◽

Esterification Reactions

The interest in the development of efficient and environmentally benign catalysts for esters synthesis has increased exponentially, mainly due to the demand for biodiesel. In general, fatty esters are used as bioadditive, cosmetic ingredients, polymers, and, more recently, biofuel. Nevertheless, most of the production processes use nonrecyclable and homogenous alkaline catalysts, which results in the reactors corrosion, large generation of effluents, and residues on the steps of separation and catalyst neutralization. Heterogeneous acid catalysts can answer these demands and are an environmentally benign alternative extensively explored. Remarkably, solid acid catalysts based on tin have been shown highly attractive for the biodiesel production, mainly via FFA esterification reactions. This review describes important features related to be the synthesis, stability to, and activity of heterogeneous tin catalysts in biodiesel production reactions.

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Biodiesel Production Using Solid Acid Catalysts Based on Metal Oxides

Catalysts ◽

10.3390/catal10020237 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 237 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Katja Vasić ◽

Gordana Hojnik Podrepšek ◽

Željko Knez ◽

Maja Leitgeb

Keyword(s):

Metal Oxides ◽

Solid Acid ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Solid Acid Catalysts ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

High Catalytic Activity ◽

Acid Catalysts ◽

Recent Developments ◽

Synthesis Routes ◽

Esterification Reactions

The development of solid acid catalysts, especially based on metal oxides and different magnetic nanoparticles, gained much awareness recently as a result of the development of different nano-based materials. Solid acid catalysts based on metal oxides are promising for the (trans)esterification reactions of different oils and waste materials for biodiesel production. This review gives a brief overview of recent developments in various solid acid catalysts based on different metal oxides, such as zirconia, zinc, titanium, iron, tungsten, and magnetic materials, where the catalysts are optimized for various reaction parameters, such as the amount of catalyst, molar ratio of oil to alcohol, reaction time, and temperature. Furthermore, yields and conversions for biodiesel production are compared. Such metal-oxide-based solid acid catalysts provide more sustainable, green, and easy-separation synthesis routes with high catalytic activity and reusability than traditionally used catalysts.

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Performance of Different Catalysts on Biodiesel Production from Jatropha curcas Oil through Transesterification

Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research ◽

10.3329/bjsir.v45i2.5702 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 45 (2) ◽

pp. 85-90 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

SM Asaduzzaman Sujan ◽

MS Jamal ◽

M Naimul Haque ◽

M Yunus Miah

Keyword(s):

Solid Acid ◽

Methyl Esters ◽

Acid Methyl Ester ◽

Acid Value ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Solid Acid Catalysts ◽

Acid Catalysts ◽

Jatropha Oil ◽

Acid Methyl ◽

Biodiesel Synthesis

The purposes of the work to study the fatty acid methyl ester production by transesterification of Jatropha curcus oil with different catalysts where methanol was used as solvent. Jatropha oil having high free fatty acids FFA (14.02%) was processed in two steps. First step is acidcatalyzed esterification by using 1% H2SO4, 40% methanol-to-oil to produce methyl esters by lowering the acid value, and next step is different base-catalyzed transesterification. As part of ongoing efforts to investigate different homogeneous, heterogeneous and solid acid catalysts for biodiesel synthesis, the catalytic activity of KOH, NaOH, Ca(OH)2, activated Ca(OH)2, Hß zeolite and montmorillonite were studied for the transesterification of Jatropha oil. Among these catalysts, performance of catalysts order are KOH > NaOH > activated Ca(OH)2 >Ca(OH)2> montmorillonite> Hß zeolite.Key words: Jatropha oil; Transesterification; Biodiesel; FFA; CatalystsDOI: 10.3329/bjsir.v45i2.5702Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 45(2), 85-90, 2010

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