scholarly journals PENTAKOSTALISME DAN TEORI SOSIAL KONTEMPORER

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elia Tambunan

The Pentecostal Movement is recognized for its contribution to global church growth and contemporary social theories. But by his own people pentecostalism is often positioned only as a revival, experience with the Holy Spirit, and divine healing which in its development becomes associated with eschatological issues. In terms of methodology, Pentecostal scholars outside Indonesia analyzed Pentecostalism based on religious and theological perspectives with the approach of ritual theory and spirituality studies. Theologians, activists, and intellectuals as well as Pentecostal scholars in Indonesia also have not developed Pentecostal studies further methodologically. They have not used methodological work to develop a study of the Pentecostal movement into a useful framework for theoretical study or field research in the existing membership colleges. On the contrary, by social scientists it utilizes Pentecostals as the main object of research on social phenomena but is only limited to the study of the dimensions of religious experience. By prioritizing the study of English literature and presenting statistical results of field survey research, this paper intends to develop a study of Pentecost in Indonesia methodologically. This paper shows how to understand Pentecostal phenomena from the perspective of social theory. The author first reads the literature on Pentecostalism, especially the one produced by Poloma and then constructs itself and then integrates it with social theory integrally. Then, the writer will classify it in three broad outlines, namely the Pentecostal religious experience of religious psychology; Pentecostal dimensions: symbolic, ritual, ceremony and institution from the perspective of comparative theory of religion; and community and Pentecostal popularity from the perspective of religious sociology. From here it will be seen the contribution of Pentecostals as both the object of precisely the study society and scientific methodology combined with contemporary social theories. This can be used by theologians, activists, and intellectuals as well as Pentecostal scholars in Indonesia specifically to develop studies of the Pentecostal movement in Indonesia specifically.   ==== Gerakan Pentakosta diakui kontribusinya terhadap pertumbuhan gereja secara global maupun teori-teori sosial kontemporer. Namun oleh kaumnya sendiri pentakostalisme seringkali diposisikan hanya sebagai kebangunan rohani, pengalaman dengan Roh Kudus, dan kesembuhan ilahi yang dalam perkembangannya menjadi dikait-kaitkan dengan persoalan eskatologis.  Dari sisi metodologi, sarjana Pentakosta di luar Indonesia menganalisis Pentakostalisme berdasarkan perspektif agama dan teologi dengan pendekatan teori ritual dan studi spiritualitas. Para teolog, aktivis, dan intelektual maupun sarjana Pentakosta di Indonesia juga belum mengembangkan kajian Pentakosta secara metodologis lebih lanjut. Mereka belum menggunakan kerja metodologis untuk mengembangkan kajian gerakan Pentakosta menjadi kerangka pikir yang bermanfaat dalam kajian teoritis maupun penelitian lapangan di sekolah-sekolah tinggi kepentakostaan yang ada. Sebaliknya, oleh ilmuwan sosial justru memanfaatkan kaum Pentakosta sebagai objek utama penelitian tentang fenomena sosial namun baru sebatas kajian terhadap dimensi pengalaman beragama.  Dengan cara mengutamakan studi literatur berbahasa Inggris serta menampilkan hasil statistik penelitian survei lapangan, tulisan ini bermaksud untuk mengembangkan kajian tentang Pentakosta di Indonesia secara metodologis. Tulisan ini memperlihatkan bagaimana memahami fenomena Pentakosta dari perspektif teori sosial. Penulis terlebih dahulu membaca literatur tentang Pentakostalisme khususnya yang dihasilkan Poloma dan kemudian mengkonstruksi sendiri lalu memadukannya dengan teori sosial secara integratif.  Kemudian, penulis akan mengklasifikasikannya dalam tiga kerangka pikir secara garis besar, yakni pengalaman keagamaan Pentakosta dari psikologi  keagamaan; dimensi Pentakosta: simbolik, ritual, seremoni dan institusi dari perspektif teori perbandingan agama; dan komunitas dan popularitas pentakosta dari perpektif sosiologi agama. Dari disini akan terlihat kontribusi kaum Pentakosta baik sebagai objek tepatnya masyarakat kajian maupun metodologis keilmuan berpadu dengan teori-teori sosial kontemporer. Ini bisa digunakan oleh para teolog, aktivis, dan intelektual maupun sarjana Pentakosta di Indonesia secara khusus untuk mengembangkan kajian gerakan Pentakosta di Indonesia secara khusus.

2020 ◽  
pp. 161-176
Author(s):  
Haym Soloveitchik

This chapter focuses on Ibn 'Ezra's Ḥokhmat ha-Nefesh. Conflicting reports are to be found in the Ḥokhmat ha-Nefesh as to the origin of the soul. At times it is described as originating from the holy spirit via a process of inbreathing. On other occasions it is said to have been lit from the flames of the Kavod or of the heavenly throne. Other passages speak vaguely of its having been created from the place of the heavenly spirit. Whether any of these processes, or all of them, are genuine acts of creation or only emanations cannot be determined from the text. A prominent place in the Ḥokhmat ha-Nefesh is occupied by demuyot, mirror-images of man fashioned at the beginning of Creation and which stand in endless array before the Kavod, drawing their sustenance from the absorption of the heavenly light that streams forth from the Kavod, and in turn transferring this vitality to their earthly counterparts. The demut is a counter-shape and plays no role in the religious experience of Ḥasidei Ashkenaz.


2020 ◽  
pp. 140-172
Author(s):  
Baird Tipson

This chapter first describes the theology of the leaders of the evangelical awakening on the British Isles, George Whitefield and John Wesley. Both insisted that by preaching the “immediate” revelation of the Holy Spirit during what they called the “new birth,” they were recovering an essential element of primitive Christianity that had been forgotten over the centuries. Both had clear affinities with the conscience theology of William Perkins, yet both distanced themselves from it in important ways. In New England, Jonathan Edwards explored the nature of religious experience more deeply than either Wesley or Whitefield had done, and Edwards proudly claimed his Puritan heritage even as opponents found him deviating from it.


Author(s):  
Simeon Zahl

This chapter argues that a constructive recovery of the category of “experience” in Christian theology is best accomplished through the lens of the theology of the Holy Spirit. Thinking about experience in terms of the work of the Holy Spirit helps specify what we mean when we talk about Christian “experience,” while also avoiding the problems that arise in appeals to more general concepts of “religious experience.” The chapter shows how a pneumatologically informed theology of experience draws attention to a problematic tendency towards abstraction and disembodiment in much modern systematic theology. It then argues that the work of the Spirit is likely to take forms that are “practically recognizable” in the lives of Christians in the world, exhibiting temporal specificity as well as affective and emotional impact, and that pneumatologies that cannot take account of such practically recognizable effects are deficient.


Perichoresis ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-49
Author(s):  
Rudolph P. Almasy

ABSTRACT Focusing on two of Richard Hooker’s sermons, “Certaintie and Perpetuitie of Faith in the Elect” and “Learned Sermon of the Nature of Pride”, this essay explores Hooker’s worries about how the mind reacts to matters of religious doubt, curiosity, arrogance, and mental confusions. These worries of what enters the mind influence the search for what Hooker calls the certainty of adherence (faith) and the certainty of evidence (knowledge). Such worries, prompted by what Hooker sees as the mind’s frag- ileness in the face of religious experience and religious truth, lead Hooker in the sermons, as well as in his Ecclesiasticall Lawes, to a certain religious and rhetorical position which emphasizes the notion of approaching faith and knowledge in terms of simplicity or singleness. This approach, Hooker counsels, should lead the potentially confused mind, regardless of the certainty it seeks and of the influence of the Holy Spirit, toward the notion of surrender-to God or to the rhetor.


Author(s):  
William K. Kay ◽  
Stephen J. Hunt

Historically, the majority of Pentecostal churches stem from holiness and revivalistic streams of Christianity, while neo-Pentecostal churches are often indigenous plantings that broke away from congregations established by earlier Protestant mission. Given their stress on religious experience and their belief in the indwelling power of the Holy Spirit, Pentecostal churches have always stressed individual holiness, and this holiness is understood in terms of abstinence from drugs, alcohol, gambling, immodest dress, and sexual immorality as traditionally defined. This chapter describes adjustments and initiatives that indicate how new norms may emerge. The issue is essentially concerned with the interpretation of Scripture and variations in church government. Where these interpretations align with an LBGT-friendly hermeneutic, LBGT-friendly Pentecostal churches will and have emerged. Such changes tend to occur in new or split-off groups rather than in traditional Pentecostal denominations, especially when denominations are governed by large ministerial conferences where decisions are by secret ballot.


Author(s):  
Joseph Olufemi Asha

In the Christian tradition, a spiritual experience is a phenomenon that in some sense remains controversial. Nonetheless, spiritual experience in Christianity refers to the personalization of the faith in Christ that transcends the normal. This is, however, critically contested and regrettably unexplored. It lends credence to why contemporary research on religious experience reveals that Christian spiritual experiences have the element of supernatural intervention by the Holy Spirit, although supernatural must not be confused with spectacular. It might be spectacular, as in the case of Paul on the road to Damascus (Acts 9). Drawing upon extensive contemporary research, content analysis, and literature on religious experience, this study adopts descriptive methodology as techniques. The study situates religious experience as occurrence in an everyday situation of Christians through which they derive a clear inner realization of “the truth.” Findings reveal a significant implication for collective research on religious and spiritual experiences for Christians.


2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 136
Author(s):  
Yushak Soesilo

Abstract. The Pentecostal Movement is a Christian movement that puts the power and work of the Holy Spirit at the first place. This movement sought to bring back the biblical Christianity as experienced by the early church. As the early church experienced a rapid growth of new souls, so it is with today's Pentecostal churches. The problem that arises is often in the effort to win the soul there is a dichotomy between power ministry, as emphasized by the Pentecostal movement, with social action. Some churches emphasize only one aspect of the ministry. Through a structural analysis approach to Acts 2: 41-47 the researcher seeks to find the ideal formulation in an attempt to win souls as in the experience of the early church. Through this approach the result is that the power ministry and social action must be carried out by the church at the same time and in balance that ultimately make the effort to win souls effectively.Abstrak. Gerakan Pentakostalisme adalah gerakan orang Kristen yang mengutamakan kuasa dan karya Roh Kudus. Gerakan ini berusaha untuk mengembalikan kekristenan yang Alkibiah sebagaimana yang dialami oleh gereja mula-mula. Sebagaimana gereja mula-mula yang mengalami pertumbuhan jiwa baru yang pesat, demikian halnya dengan gereja-gereja Pentakosta masa kini yang juga mengalaminya. Permasalahan yang muncul adalah seringkali dalam usaha untuk memenangkan jiwa ada dikotomi antara pelayanan dengan kuasa, sebagaimana yang ditekankan oleh gerakan Pentakostalisme, dengan aksi sosial. Beberapa gereja menekankan hanya pada satu segi dari pelayanan tersebut. Melalui pendekatan analisis struktural terhadap Kisah Para Rasul 2:41-47 peneliti hendak mencari formulasi yang ideal dalam usaha untuk memenangkan jiwa sebagaimana pengalaman gereja mula-mula. Melalui pendekatan tersebut diperoleh hasil bahwa pelayanan kuasa dan aksi sosial harus dijalankan oleh gereja secara bersamaan dan seimbang yang pada akhirnya membuat usaha untuk memenangkan jiwa berlangsung secara efektif.


Author(s):  
Robert W. Caldwell

Jonathan Edwards’s doctrine of the Holy Spirit played a central role in his theology. Beginning with the immanent Trinity, Edwards argued that the Holy Spirit is the bond of union of the Godhead who unites Father and Son in a communion of infinite, divine love. He then applied this concept Christologically to the hypostatic union, and soteriologically to the mystical union the Church enjoys with God. By closely identifying the Spirit with the divine affection that is communicated to the redeemed, Edwards effectively built his pneumatology directly into his discussions of grace, faith, and religious experience, a point which ensured that his doctrine of the Holy Spirit would pervade much of his writing.


Pneuma ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-93
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Gros

Abstract In the long course of Christian history there have been many expressions of the action of the Holy Spirit in renewing the Christian Church through a variety of renewal movements. Two such movements are the twentieth-century Pentecostal movement and the thirteenth-century Franciscan movement. While there is no specific historical link one with the other, there are resources in the older movement, with its concern for direct human experience of Christ, its return to biblical poverty, a hope of renewing the church by a restoration of biblical holiness, its experience of gradually integrating its radical view of the end of time with the institutional church, and its impulsive missionary outreach, that offer many lessons for the newer movement as it serves worldwide Christianity.


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