scholarly journals Results of a reconnaissance trip to Mt. Etna, Italy

2004 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott T. Barnard
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Seismic Activity ◽  
Unreinforced Masonry ◽  
Lava Flows ◽  
Masonry Structures ◽  
Flank Eruption ◽  
Mt Etna

This paper details the observations taken from a reconnaissance trip to Mt. Etna, Italy during the 2002 flank eruption, and utilizes those observations to identify potential hazards in New Zealand. It also makes recommendations for preparation and response to those hazards. The various types of hazards posed by Etna are primarily lava flows, ashfall and earthquakes. Lava flows caused intense damage in proximal areas, including forests, roads and the destruction of ski lifts and several buildings. Ashfall affected a much larger area, and was thus responsible for most of the damage economically. While earthquakes were not severe by New Zealand standards, the unreinforced masonry structures that predominate on Etna did not cope well with the seismic activity that accompanied the eruption. Several lessons taken from this eruption are applicable to New Zealand, both in effects of basaltic and more silicic types of volcanism.

scholarly journals Modelling imperfections in unreinforced masonry structures: Discrete element simulations and scale model experiments of a pavilion vault

2021 ◽  
Vol 228 ◽  
pp. 111499
Author(s):  
Alessandro Dell'Endice ◽  
Antonino Iannuzzo ◽  
Matthew J. DeJong ◽  
Tom Van Mele ◽  
Philippe Block
Keyword(s):  
Discrete Element ◽  
Unreinforced Masonry ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Masonry Structures ◽  
Model Experiments ◽  
Discrete Element Simulations

The Benefits of a Seismic Retrofit Program for Commercial Unreinforced Masonry Structures: Salt Lake County, Utah

1993 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Philip C. Emmi ◽  
Carl A. Horton
Keyword(s):  
Salt Lake ◽  
Exposure Period ◽  
Seismic Retrofit ◽  
Unreinforced Masonry ◽  
Masonry Structures ◽  
Damage Functions ◽  
Lake County ◽  
Evaluation Time ◽  
Comparative Risk ◽  
Uniform Code

This paper assesses the benefits of a seismic retrofit program for commercial unreinforced masonry structures (CURMs) in Salt Lake County, Utah. A comparative risk assessment embedded in a geographic information systems is the method used. A policy evaluation time horizon of twenty years is set. Future rates of demolition and rehabilitation, with and without a retrofit policy, are assumed. Damage functions for ordinary and retrofitted URMs are used to assess losses having a 10 percent chance of being exceeded over a 50-year exposure period. With a retrofit program, expected losses are reduced by 57 percent or more than a quarter billion dollars when compared to the no-policy scenario. Expected injuries and fatalities are reduced by more than 80 percent. These are minimal benefits expected from enforcement of the seismic provisions of the Uniform Code of Building Conservation.

scholarly journals Relationship between seismicity and eruptive activity at Mt. Etna volcano (Italy) as inferred from historical record analysis: the 1883 and 1971 case histories

1996 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Azzaro ◽  
M. S. Barbano
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Activity ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
Effusion Rate ◽  
Etna Volcano ◽  
Case Histories ◽  
Seismic Behaviour ◽  
Volcanic System ◽  
Prolonged Duration ◽  
Mt Etna ◽  
A Minor

In this paper historical and recent seismological data are analysed in order to investigate the relationship between seismicity and eruptive phenomena at Mt. Etna volcano. The 1883 and 1971 case histories have been proposed because they are significant events in the recent history of the volcano regarding volcanic hazard and show very different evolutions of associated seismic activity and eruption dynamics. The first (1883) represents flank eruptions characterised by high seismic release, short duration and moderate effusion rate whereas the second (1971) can be ascribed to eruptions starting as summit or subterminal events and thereafter developing on the flanks with a minor level of seismicity, higher effusion rate and prolonged duration. The pattern of seismic activity during 1883 and 1971, as inferred from historical record analysis, and the different associated type of eruption may be a result of diverse stress conditions acting on the volcanic system. The interpretation of the seismic behaviour by considering historical eruptions in a systematic fashion will contribute to a clearer understanding of volcanic phenomena at Mt. Etna.

Parapets, Politics, and Making a Difference: Lessons from Christchurch

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 1241-1255
Author(s):  
Ann Brower
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Bright Light ◽  
Unreinforced Masonry ◽  
Masonry Building ◽  
Dalai Lama ◽  
Main Street ◽  
Making A Difference ◽  
Remediation Time ◽  
Unreinforced Masonry Building

At 12:51 on 22 February 2011, 12 people died beside me. The parapet and facade of an unreinforced masonry building on the main street of Christchurch, New Zealand, crushed the bus that I was riding. I'm the only one left, the lucky 13th. My leg, my hand, and my soul will never be the same. I broke more bones than the surgeons were willing to count, spent two months in the hospital, and most of a year off work. I walked, slept, and dreamed in a fog for four years. It cost half a million dollars to save my left leg. I treasure that leg, scars and all, but still feel the earthquake in every step. In this opinion paper, I share my story—from the earthquake, to the Bright Light, to the Dark Place, to the hospital, to the Dalai Lama, to the halls of Parliament. I also share the story of a nation coming to grips with its home on the Ring of Fire. The story ends on 8 May 2016, when Parliament passed the new Building Act, complete with a ministerially titled “Brower Amendment” that halved the remediation time for unreinforced masonry parapets and other falling hazards. I conclude with the lessons I've learned on making a difference.

Seismological constraints on the 2018 Mt. Etna (Italy) flank eruption and implications for the flank dynamics of the volcano

Terra Nova ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 334-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salvatore Alparone ◽  
Graziella Barberi ◽  
Elisabetta Giampiccolo ◽  
Vincenza Maiolino ◽  
Antonino Mostaccio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flank Eruption ◽  
Mt Etna

Testing of Masonry Structures for Seismic Assessment

1996 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Michele Calvi ◽  
Gregory R. Kingsley ◽  
Guido Magenes
Keyword(s):  
Energy Dissipation ◽  
Experimental Evaluation ◽  
Unreinforced Masonry ◽  
Seismic Assessment ◽  
Experimental Techniques ◽  
Masonry Buildings ◽  
Masonry Structures ◽  
Seismic Loadings ◽  
Energy Dissipation Capacity ◽  
Reduced Scale

The experimental evaluation of strength, deformability, and energy dissipation capacity of unreinforced masonry buildings subjected to seismic loadings presents unique and complex problems, both for laboratory and field evaluations. The paper addresses these problems, focusing on the relative merits and roles of several experimental techniques, including quasistatic, dynamic, and pseudodynamic loadings at full and reduced scale.

scholarly journals Investigating the reasons for the failure of palaeointensity experiments: a study on historical lava flows from Mt. Etna (Italy)

2002 ◽  
Vol 149 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Calvo ◽  
Michel Prévot ◽  
Mireille Perrin ◽  
Janna Riisager
Keyword(s):  
Lava Flows ◽  
Mt Etna
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