Investigating the reasons for the failure of palaeointensity experiments: a study on historical lava flows from Mt. Etna (Italy)

This paper details the observations taken from a reconnaissance trip to Mt. Etna, Italy during the 2002 flank eruption, and utilizes those observations to identify potential hazards in New Zealand. It also makes recommendations for preparation and response to those hazards. The various types of hazards posed by Etna are primarily lava flows, ashfall and earthquakes. Lava flows caused intense damage in proximal areas, including forests, roads and the destruction of ski lifts and several buildings. Ashfall affected a much larger area, and was thus responsible for most of the damage economically. While earthquakes were not severe by New Zealand standards, the unreinforced masonry structures that predominate on Etna did not cope well with the seismic activity that accompanied the eruption. Several lessons taken from this eruption are applicable to New Zealand, both in effects of basaltic and more silicic types of volcanism.

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The latest release of the lava flows simulation model SCIARA: First application to Mt Etna (Italy) and solution of the anisotropic flow direction problem on an ideal surface

Procedia Computer Science ◽

10.1016/j.procs.2010.04.004 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 17-26 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

William Spataro ◽

Maria V. Avolio ◽

Valeria Lupiano ◽

Giuseppe A. Trunfio ◽

Rocco Rongo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Simulation Model ◽

Flow Direction ◽

Lava Flows ◽

Anisotropic Flow ◽

Mt Etna

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The Estimation of Lava Flow Temperatures Using Landsat Night-Time Images: Case Studies from Eruptions of Mt. Etna and Stromboli (Sicily, Italy), Kīlauea (Hawaii Island), and Eyjafjallajökull and Holuhraun (Iceland)

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs12162537 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (16) ◽

pp. 2537 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ádám Nádudvari ◽

Anna Abramowicz ◽

Rosanna Maniscalco ◽

Marco Viccaro

Keyword(s):

Lava Flow ◽

Volcanic Eruptions ◽

Radiant Heat ◽

Heat Fluxes ◽

Lava Flows ◽

Spectral Radiance ◽

Night Time ◽

Blue Band ◽

Hawaii Island ◽

Mt Etna

Using satellite-based remote sensing to investigate volcanic eruptions is a common approach for preliminary research, chiefly because a great amount of freely available data can be effectively accessed. Here, Landsat 4-5TM, 7ETM+, and 8OLI night-time satellite images are used to estimate lava flow temperatures and radiation heat fluxes from selected volcanic eruptions worldwide. After retrieving the spectral radiance, the pixel values were transformed into temperatures using the calculated calibration constants. Results showed that the TIR and SWIR bands were saturated and unable to detect temperatures over the active lava flows. However, temperatures were effectively detected over the active lava flows in the range ~500–1060 °C applying the NIR-, red-, green- or blue-band. Application of the panchromatic band with 15 m resolution also revealed details of lava flow morphology. The calculated radiant heat flux for the lava flows accords with increasing cooling either with slope or with distance from the vent.

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Mount Etna and the 1971 eruption - Structural implications of the 1971 Mount Etna eruption

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences ◽

10.1098/rsta.1973.0027 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 274 (1238) ◽

pp. 79-82 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Keyword(s):

Fault Zone ◽

Lava Flows ◽

Mount Etna ◽

Fault System ◽

Persistent Activity ◽

Tectonic Fault ◽

Magma Column ◽

Mt Etna

The author believes the 1971 eruption has been triggered by an uprise of the magma column which had for several decades fed the persistent activity located in both the NE crater and in the central crater’s chasm. This uprise split open a set of en-echelon fissures first on the southern, then on the eastern upper slopes of Mt Etna. Degassing occurred at the uppermost part of the successive fissure systems, while the degassed lava flows poured out at the lowermost end. When the ENE tectonic fault-system came into operation and controlled the second half of the eruption, it led to the engulfment of the degassing vent and subsequently acted as an undergound channel through which the degassed lavas could flow freely until they poured out at the lower end of the fault zone. This fault zone follows one of the main tectonic trends which intersect below Mt Etna, the main other ones being oriented SW-NE and WSW—ENE.

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Lava flows of Mt Etna, Italy: the 2019 eruption within the context of the last two decades (1999–2019)

Journal of Maps ◽

10.1080/17445647.2020.1854131 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

Emanuela De Beni ◽

Massimo Cantarero ◽

Marco Neri ◽

Alfio Messina

Keyword(s):

Lava Flows ◽

Mt Etna

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Multi-temporal analysis of radiance acquired by ASTER and Landsat 8 on Mt. Etna volcano

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-12791 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Massimo Musacchio ◽

Valerio Lombardo ◽

Vito Romaniello ◽

Malvina Silvestri ◽

Claudia Spinetti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Temperature ◽

Spectral Range ◽

Thermal Infrared ◽

Temporal Analysis ◽

Lava Flows ◽

Estimation Methods ◽

Landsat 8 ◽

Etna Volcano ◽

Mt Etna ◽

Multi Temporal

<p>Temperature estimations of active lava flows are crucial to characterize volcanic eruptions and better understand their dynamic and evolution. EO data acquired by satellites, in the SWIR-TIR spectral range, allows to retrieve active lava flows temperature applying specific algorithms (e.g. TES). In particular, radiances emitted by the High Temperature targets, acquired by multispectral space sensors, represent the input parameter for temperature estimation methods; their incertitude influences the accuracy of the temperature retrieval. In the present work, a multi-temporal analysis of radiances acquired from different spaceborne imaging sensors, at several wavelengths in the SWIR-TIR spectral range, has been carried out in order to perform a cross-comparison of data and to estimate the error associated with the radiance of high temperature targets. We considered and analysed radiance data recorded by the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflectance radiometer (ASTER) and the Landsat 8 Thermal InfraRed Sensor (TIRS) on Mt. Etna volcano in the last twenty years. ASTER, launched on December 1999, is mainly used to study surface temperature and emissivity with a relatively high spatial resolution; ASTER measures radiance in the Visible and Near-InfraRed (0.52-0.86 &#956;m) and Thermal InfraRed ranges (8.12 to 11.65 &#956;m) with a pixel size of 15 m and 90 m, respectively, and a revisit time of 16 days. Landsat 8 is the most recent satellite of NASA Landsat program launched on February 2013. Its payload consists of two sensors: the OLI (Operational Land Imager) and the TIRS with two thermal bands. Specifically, daytime acquisitions over Mt. Etna volcano by ASTER from 2011 up to now and by Landsat 8 from 2013 up to now, are considered in the present study; the channels at 10.6 &#956;m of both instruments are mainly investigated. The goal of the study is to analyse the migration of the thermal activity on Mt. Etna summit area.</p>

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Introduction to a community dataset from an infrasound array experiment at Mt. Etna, Italy

Scientific Data ◽

10.1038/s41597-021-01030-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

Author(s):

S. De Angelis ◽

L. Zuccarello ◽

S. Rapisarda ◽

V. Minio

Keyword(s):

Volcanic Activity ◽

Acoustic Waves ◽

Volcanic Ash ◽

Open Data ◽

Acoustic Signals ◽

Data Availability ◽

Lava Flows ◽

The World ◽

Mt Etna ◽

Strombolian Explosions

AbstractVolcanic activity represents a hazard to population and infrastructure worldwide. The study of acoustic waves in the atmosphere by volcanic activity is growing in popularity as an effective tool to monitor and understand the mechanisms of eruptions. In 2019, we deployed two 6-element infrasound arrays at Mt. Etna, Italy, one of the most active volcanoes in the world. Our experiment captured a range of acoustic signals associated with diverse activity ranging from background degassing to energetic Strombolian explosions, lava flows, and atmospheric injection of volcanic ash. Here, we present a description of this valuable, publicly available, research dataset. We document the design and scope of the experiment, report on data availability, and present a brief summary of the activity observed at Mt. Etna during our deployment aiming to facilitate future use of these valuable data. This dataset is the first example of open data from a multiple infrasound array experiment at Mt. Etna and one of the few available globally.

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