scholarly journals Filipino Physicians in Spanish Imperial Medicine: The Emergence of a Medical Profession in late 19th Century Manila

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 (47) ◽  
pp. 5-31
Author(s):  
Yoshihiro CHIBA
2005 ◽  
Vol 133 (S1) ◽  
pp. S35-S36
Author(s):  
PAUL FINE

This paper [1] is a milestone in the literature on infectious diseases. To put it in context, we recall that the late 19th century saw the construction of the germ theory, and its ultimate acceptance by the medical profession. The massive research effort led by Pasteur and Koch and their followers demonstrated a variety of infectious agents, catalogued their properties, and traced their pathogenesis in infected hosts. An understanding of the behaviour of infections in populations came only later, in the early 20th century, exemplified in the work of Ross on malaria [2], which was extrapolated to all infections in his ‘theory of happenings’ [3], and of Hamer on measles [4]. But there remained a tension between those who viewed infections from the perspective of the laboratory, with its emphasis upon biological properties, and those who viewed disease from the perspective of population statistics [5], which lent itself to more abstract and mathematical descriptions of epidemiological patterns. Fierce battles were waged between these disciplines, as between Almroth Wright and Karl Pearson on the subject of typhoid vaccination [6, 7].


2019 ◽  
pp. 256-281
Author(s):  
E.M. Kopot`

The article brings up an obscure episode in the rivalry of the Orthodox and Melkite communities in Syria in the late 19th century. In order to strengthen their superiority over the Orthodox, the Uniates attempted to seize the church of St. George in Izraa, one of the oldest Christian temples in the region. To the Orthodox community it presented a threat coming from a wealthier enemy backed up by the See of Rome and the French embassy. The only ally the Antioch Patriarchate could lean on for support in the fight for its identity was the Russian Empire, a traditional protector of the Orthodox Arabs in the Middle East. The documents from the Foreign Affairs Archive of the Russian Empire, introduced to the scientific usage for the first time, present a unique opportunity to delve into the history of this conflict involving the higher officials of the Ottoman Empire as well as the Russian embassy in ConstantinopleВ статье рассматривается малоизвестный эпизод соперничества православной и Мелкитской общин в Сирии в конце XIX века. Чтобы укрепить свое превосходство над православными, униаты предприняли попытку захватить церковь Святого Георгия в Израа, один из старейших христианских храмов в регионе. Для православной общины он представлял угрозу, исходящую от более богатого врага, поддерживаемого Римским престолом и французским посольством. Единственным союзником, на которого Антиохийский патриархат мог опереться в борьбе за свою идентичность, была Российская Империя, традиционный защитник православных арабов на Ближнем Востоке. Документы из архива иностранных дел Российской Империи, введены в научный оборот впервые, уникальная возможность углубиться в историю этого конфликта с участием высших должностных лиц в Османской империи, а также российского посольства в Константинополе.


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