Tree species selection revisited for plantations in the Interior Cedar Hemlock zone of southern British Columbia

2013 ◽  
Vol 89 (03) ◽  
pp. 382-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Vyse ◽  
Michelle R. Cleary ◽  
Ian R. Cameron
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Species Selection ◽  
Thuja Plicata ◽  
Pinus Monticola ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Larix Occidentalis ◽  
Western Larch ◽  
Western White Pine

We provide results from two trials comparing performance of species of known provenance planted on logged sites in the southern Interior Cedar Hemlock biogeoclimatic zone of southern British Columbia 20 and 26 years after establishment. The commonly used plantation species, lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia), interior spruce (a naturally occurring hybrid between Picea glauca and P. engelmannii) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca), survived as well as, but grew more slowly than, western larch (Larix occidentalis), western white pine (Pinus monticola) and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), and faster than western redcedar (Thuja plicata). Site index values were generally higher than published values for similar sites. Numerous pests affected all species in the trials. Mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) caused heavy mortality in lodgepole pine in part of one trial, and Armillaria root disease caused widespread damage to western larch and Douglas-fir in the other trial. Western white pine from local seed sources were severely damaged by white pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola) in both trials but a rust-resistant seed source used in one trial survived better. Frost damage reduced survival and growth of Douglas-fir in one trial and may have affected western white pine. Survival of two planted broadleaves (Betula papyrifera) and a hybrid of black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) and black poplar (Populus nigra) was severely reduced by drought. The results support ongoing efforts to broaden the number of species used in British Columbia reforestation programs.

Black Bear Damage to Thinned Timber Stands in Northwest Montana

1989 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew C. Mason ◽  
David L. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Black Bear ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Thuja Plicata ◽  
Abies Lasiocarpa ◽  
Pinus Monticola ◽  
Larix Occidentalis ◽  
Western Larch ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
Northwest Montana

Abstract Bear damage was at least five times higher in thinned blocks than in adjacent unthinned blocks of western larch (Larix occidentalis), lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), and Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) on the Kootenai National Forest in northwest Montana. Western larch suffered the greatest damage (63% of all trees damaged and 92% of the trees killed). Damaged larch ranged from 4 to 13 in. dbh; the 4 to 8-in. dbh class accounted for 85% of the damage. Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), western redcedar (Thuja plicata), subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa), western white pine (Pinus monticola), and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) were not damaged. Stand projections showed up to a 17% reduction in board-foot yield from bear damage, after 50 years, compared with hypothetical undamaged stands. West. J. Appl. For. 4(1):10-13, January 1989.

scholarly journals Height growth determinants and adaptation to temperature in pines: a case study of Pinus contorta and Pinus monticola

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 1059-1066 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabelle Chuine ◽  
Gerald E Rehfeldt ◽  
Sally N Aitken
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Pinus Monticola ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Total Height ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Western White Pine

In this study we aimed to compare and explain the height growth performance of two contrasting pine species: lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex. Loud) and western white pine(Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don.). We compiled measurements of total height growth at different ages and shoot elongation phenology realized in several provenance test trials for 109 provenances of lodgepole pine and 54 provenances of western white pine. The response of shoot elongation to temperature was assessed using a phenological model fitted on provenance mean growth curves. Although total height growth followed the same geographic trends in both species, the response of shoot elongation to temperature was different between the two, with few (lodgepole pine) or no differences among provenances (western white pine) from diverse geographic regions. The temperature for which potential cell growth rate is 50% was 10.8 ± 0.13 °C (mean ± standard error) for western white pine compared to 5.26 ± 0.075 °C for lodgepole pine. Phenology did not explain growth performance differences among geographical regions in both species, which instead were explained by differences in the number of internodes set the preceding summer; provenances originating from stressful environments produced the fewest internodes, possibly due to reallocation of carbohydrates to stress resistance.

Interactive effects of light and stratification on the germination of some British Columbia conifers

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (11) ◽  
pp. 1635-1646 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. J. Li ◽  
P. J. Burton ◽  
C. L. Leadem
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Picea Sitchensis ◽  
Thuja Plicata ◽  
Pinus Monticola ◽  
Larix Occidentalis ◽  
Tree Seed

Pregermination stratification treatment was generally more important than the effects of light on seed germination by 14 conifer species and varieties native to British Columbia. Nevertheless, there were some strong species differences in the response of germination to light. Final germination percentage after 21 days (28 days for Abies spp.) for both stratified and unstratified seeds of Picea glauca, Picea sitchensis, and Tsuga heterophylla showed no response to light during germination. Seed germination by Abies grandis, Pinus contorta var. contorta, Pinus contorta var. latifolia, Pinus ponderosa, Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca, and Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii responded positively to light if unstratified but was not significantly affected by light when stratified. For Thuja plicata seeds, germination responded positively to light regardless of stratification pretreatment. Light appeared to reduce germination of stratified seeds of Abies amabilis, Abies lasiocarpa, Larix occidentalis, and Pinus monticola, although stratification conditions for these species were suboptimal. The germination rate of stratified seeds of all species and unstratified seeds of most species was increased by light. Results showed no significant relationship between germination response to light and shade-tolerance ranking or mean seed weight of the species. In six seed lots of Pinus contorta var. latifolia, however, we detected a weak negative correlation between mean seed weight and unstratified light responsivity measured after 1 week but a significant positive correlation when measured after 3 weeks. Very low light levels in closed-canopy forests or in the forest floor may prolong tree seed germination but are unlikely to constrain final germination levels after most seeds have been naturally stratified by moist, cool winter conditions. The importance of differences in the rate and timing of tree seed germination under natural conditions remains to be demonstrated. Key words: conifer biology, forest regeneration, light response, lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta, seed germination, stratification.

Tree growth at stand and individual scales in two dual-species mixture experiments in southern Washington State, USA

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 1119-1132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather E. Erickson ◽  
Constance A. Harrington ◽  
David D. Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Tree Growth ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Pinus Monticola ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Species Identity ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Western White Pine ◽  
Competition For Light

Planting with mixtures of tree species rather than single species is often considered during reforestation because of the potential increased productivity and other benefits. We examined tree growth at the stand and individual tree scales in two experiments contrasting monocultures with a 1:1 mixture of tree species: (1) Douglas-fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) with a conifer of similar shade tolerance (western white pine ( Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don)) and (2) Douglas-fir with a more shade-tolerant conifer (western hemlock ( Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.)). There was no effect of mixture on growth or yield in the Douglas-fir – western white pine combination. In the Douglas-fir – western hemlock combination, yields in the mixture equaled those in Douglas-fir stands because of the enhanced performance of Douglas-fir in the mixture. For Douglas-fir, the height/diameter (h/d) ratio was significantly less in mixture, suggesting reduced competition for light when grown with western hemlock. In contrast, the h/d ratio for western hemlock was significantly greater in mixture, suggesting increased competition for light when grown with Douglas-fir. Neighborhood analyses showed that tree growth was directly related to initial size and inversely related to relative neighbor size and that the h/d ratio was positively related to relative neighbor size. In general, the size of a neighboring tree influenced growth more than species identity. Relationships between h/d ratios and growth rates suggest that growth differences between Douglas-fir and western hemlock in mixture will eventually increase.

scholarly journals Multidecadal Growth of Western White Pine and Interior Douglas-Fir Following Site Preparation

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 509
Author(s):  
Jonathan R. Cherico ◽  
Andrew S. Nelson ◽  
Teresa B. Jain ◽  
Russell T. Graham
Keyword(s):  
Growth Response ◽  
Site Preparation ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Pinus Monticola ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Western White Pine ◽  
Competition Control

Site preparation is used to favor seedling regeneration and establishment by enhancing growing conditions and increasing resource availability, yet few studies have compared different site preparation techniques on growth and yield of trees over multiple decades. We destructively sampled 34-year old trees of western white pine (Pinus monticola Douglas ex D. Don) and Interior Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. glauca (Beissn.) Franco planted at two sites using a replicated experiment to test the effectiveness of different site preparation treatments: (1) no site preparation, (2) scalping, (3) bedding, and (4) bedding plus three years of competition control with herbicide. Growth and yield were compared among the treatments, and models of growth were developed for each species and treatment combination. The herbicide treatment was the only treatment that consistently improved growth and yield of both species resulting in 19%–30% gains in height, 43%–63% gains in diameter, and 31%–109% gains in stem volume by age 34. Height growth response to herbicide was sustained until age 14 for white pine and age 12 for Douglas-fir, while the diameter response was sustained until age 23 for white pine and 20 for Douglas-fir. The later peak in growth for white pine suggests a better response to treatment and that the species was able to maintain higher growth following crown closure. Both species exhibited a Type 2 growth response to herbicide, suggesting competition control resulted in sustained gains over time with associated age shifts of 8.5 and 9.7 years for white pine and 7.1 and 10.2 years for Douglas-fir, height and diameter, respectively. This compares to scalping and bedding which produced no detectable difference in growth compared to the control, and in some instances, reduced growth. In the Northern Rocky Mountains, moisture is most limiting. This is likely why trees showed the greatest response to competition control. Interestingly, this growth was sustained well beyond seedling establishment.

Impacts of soil compaction and tree stump removal on soil properties and outplanted seedlings in northern Idaho, USA

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah S. Page-Dumroese ◽  
Alan E. Harvey ◽  
Martin F. Jurgensen ◽  
Michael P. Amaranthus
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Site Preparation ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Pinus Monticola ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Total N ◽  
Western White Pine ◽  
Northern Idaho ◽  
Site Disturbance

Intensive timber harvesting and site preparation are becoming more common as demand for timber-based products increases. On some harvested sites in the western United Staes of America and Canada, stump removal is used to ameliorate root disease problems. Soil compaction and nutrient loss could become a problem on some sites after harvesting, site preparation, or stump removal. In a non-replicated, randomized block experiment, two levels of soil compaction (none and severe) and a stump extraction treatment were examined on an ash-cap soil in northern Idaho. These treatments were planted with Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca [Beissn.] Franco) and western white pine (Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don) seedlings. Soil compaction increased post-harvest bulk density 15–20% to a depth of 30 cm. Stump removal decreased surface soil bulk density, but it increased at the 30- to 45-cm depth to levels equal to the soil compaction treatment. One year after outplanting, seedling top weights were similar among treatments, but root volume was significantly reduced in the soil compaction treatment. Soil compaction and stump removal treatments also reduced the numbers and morphological types of ectomycorrhizae and non-ectomycorrhizal short roots on Douglas-fir. Western white pine seedlings had reduced numbers of non-ectomycorrhizal short roots in the same treatments. Three years after outplanting, stump removal resulted in smaller root collar diameters and less total N content for both seedling species. Severe site disturbance, with associated soil compaction and mixing, may decrease productivity of ash-cap sites by reducing pore space and root and ectomycorrhizal activity. Managers must weigh short-term benefits of intensive site disturbance with possible long-term loss of soil productivity. Key words: Bulk density, compaction, ectomycorrhizae, stumping, site preparation, Douglas-fir, western white pine

NOTES ON THE SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT OF MEDETERA ALDRICHII WHEELER (DIPTERA. DOLICHOPIDAE) AS A PREDATOR OF THE DOUGLAS FIR BARK-BEETLE, DENDROCTONUS PSEUDOTSUGAE HOPKINS (1)

1947 ◽  
Vol 79 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 150-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
George R. Hopping
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Seasonal Development ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Dendroctonus Pseudotsugae ◽  
Western Larch ◽  
Field Station ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Red Cedar ◽  
Western White Pine

In 1935, De Leon published a comprehensive paper on Medetera aldrichii as a predator ol Dendroctonus monticolae Hopk., in western white pine and lodgepole pine in Washington. The following data may prove of value because a different species of bark-beetle is involved and additional information is given. The observations were made in 1941 and 1942 at the Trinity Valley Forest Insect Field Station, 22 miles from Vernon. This locality is 2,100 feet above sea level in a mixed timber stand of western larch, Douglas fir, western red cedar, Engelmann spruce, western hemlock, and western white pine. D. pseudotsugae breeds in Douglas fir, and occasionally in western larch.

Laboratory and Field Methods for Assaying Olfactory Responses of the Douglas-fir Beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins

1965 ◽  
Vol 97 (9) ◽  
pp. 935-941 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. K. Jantz ◽  
J. A. Rudinsky
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Pinus Monticola ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Larix Occidentalis ◽  
Dendroctonus Pseudotsugae ◽  
Field Methods ◽  
Olfactory Responses

AbstractLaboratory tests revealed that female Douglas-fir beetles, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins, boring in logs of both host and non-host species produce a volatile substance that both attracts and arrests adult beetles. Male arrestment provided a reliable method for laboratory bioassay of volatile substances. Field tests were devised to show the attack, the attraction produced, and the broad development in six tree species: Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco; western larch, Larix occidentalis Nutt.; ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa Laws.; western hemlock, Tsuga heteropbylla (Raf.) Sarg.; western white pine, Pinus monticola Dougl.; and grand fir, Abies grandis (Dougl.) Lindl.

scholarly journals Marking Tree Seeds with Spray Paint for Germination Studies

2003 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Kasten Dumroese
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Pinus Monticola ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Larix Occidentalis ◽  
Western White Pine ◽  
Conifer Seeds ◽  
Tree Seeds ◽  
Forest Nurseries ◽  
Potential Use

Abstract I evaluated the potential use of spray paint for marking conifer seeds for germination studies in forest nurseries. For bulk seedlots of large-seeded species like western white pine (Pinus monticola), ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), paint had little or no effect on six different germination parameters, but negatively affected germination of western larch (Larix occidentalis). On a family level with pine seeds, spray paint may or may not be appropriate depending on the specific objectives of the researcher and the level of conservatism used. West. J. Appl. For. 18(3):175–178.

scholarly journals Early Height Growth of Western White Pine Provenances in British Columbia Plantations

1998 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. Meagher ◽  
R. S. Hunt
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Washington State ◽  
Pinus Monticola ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Seed Transfer ◽  
Geographic Patterns ◽  
Western White Pine ◽  
Natural Range ◽  
A Site

Abstract To estimate the limits of seed transfer to and within British Columbia, heights of 36 western white pine (Pinus monticola) provenances 5-13 yr after planting on 24 sites, comprising 4 studies, were analyzed for geographic patterns. Thirty-six provenances were tested, with a maximum of 17 on a site. California and Oregon sources are not recommended due to poor height growth. Percentage differences between tallest and shortest provenances varied from 16% to 31%, depending on plantation series. Washington State and Idaho sources can be used on coastal sites but are not recommended on northern-interior sites. Northern-interior provenances are recommended for local sites, especially those beyond the species' natural range. The data support establishment of separate seed orchards, one for each of the coastal and interior portions of this disjunct species. West. J. Appl. For. 13(2):47-53.

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