DECAY IN WHITE SPRUCE AT THE KANANASKIS FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION

1953 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. B. G. Denyer ◽  
C. G. Riley
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Sample Plot ◽  
Experiment Station ◽  
Forest Experiment Station

1. One hundred and four white spruce were analyzed for decay at the Kananaskis Forest Experiment Station. Lodgepole pine, Douglas fir, and alpine fir occurring on the sample plot with the spruce were also analyzed.2. On a board foot basis, cull in white spruce averaged 12.5 per cent. Percentages of cull in other species were: lodgepole pine 41.7, Douglas fir 28.3, and alpine fir 0.4.3. Gross and net volume tables for white spruce in board feet and total cubic feet are presented.4. POLYPORUS CIRCINATUS var. DUALIS Peck and FLAMMULA CONNISSANS Fr. were the most important causes of root rot and were responsible for 30 per cent of the total decay volume.5. FOMES PINI (Thore) Lloyd and STEREUM SANGUINOLENTUM Alb. & Schw. ex Fr. were the most important causes of trunk rot and were responsible for more than 50 per cent of the total decay volume.

Changes in drought resistance and root growth capacity of container seedlings in response to nursery drought, nitrogen, and potassium treatments

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 740-749 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. van den Driessche
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Drought Resistance ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Growth Capacity ◽  
Root Growth Capacity ◽  
N Treatment

Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco), lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl.), and white spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss) seedlings, each represented by two seed lots, were grown in Styroblock containers in a greenhouse and plastic shelter house from February 1989 to January 1990. The seedlings were exposed to two nitrogen (N) treatments and three potassium (K) treatments arranged factorially within three drought treatments. After winter storage, seedlings from a complete set of treatments were planted into hygric, mesic, and xeric sand beds during 12–14 March. Increasing nursery drought stress increased survival of Douglas-fir and lodgepole pine after planting, and high N treatment level increased survival of lodgepole pine and white spruce. Under xeric conditions, combined nursery drought and high N treatments increased survival of lodgepole pine by 33%, indicating the importance of nursery cultural regime for stock quality. Increase in nursery drought decreased seedling size relatively little, but increase in N increased seedling size one season after planting. A positive relationship between shoot/root ratio and survival in lodgepole pine and white spruce indicated that increase in N increased both shoot growth and drought resistance over the N range investigated. Only Douglas-fir showed an interaction between drought and N treatment and a small response in both survival and dry weight to K. Root growth capacity, measured at the time of planting, showed an approximate doubling in all species due to high N treatment, and was also increased in white spruce by drought stress. Survival and root growth capacity were poorly correlated, but dry-weight growth in sand beds was well correlated with root growth capacity. Shoot dry weight and percent N in shoots measured after nursery growth were correlated with root growth capacity. Manipulation of root growth capacity by changing nursery treatment was apparently possible without altering resistance to drought stress after planting.

The Influences of Rooting Volume – Seedling Espacement and Substratum Density on Greenhouse Growth of Lodgepole Pine, White Spruce, and Douglas Fir Grown in Extruded Peat Cylinders

1975 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 440-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Hocking ◽  
D. L. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Growth Restrictions

Seedlings of white spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss var. albertiana (S. Brown) Sarg.), lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.), and Douglas fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) were grown in closely packed, extruded peat cylinders (sausages) of different lengths, diameters, and densities within a range practical for operational use. The highest density (0.23 g/cm3) was limiting to all growth parameters for all species in all rooting volumes – espacements. In lower densities, all growth parameters were linearly correlated to rooting volume. In the smaller rooting volumes – seedling espacements, growth restrictions were partially relieved by compression of the peat up to density 0.20 g/cm3.

Influence of container nursery regimes on drought resistance of seedlings following planting. I. Survival and growth

1991 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 555-565 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. van den Driessche
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Reduced Height ◽  
Growth Increase ◽  
Sand Beds ◽  
Container Nursery

Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco), lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl.), and white spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss) seedlings were grown in Styroblock containers in a container nursery from February to July 1988 and then exposed to three temperatures and three levels of drought stress applied factorially during 18 July to 29 September 1988. Mean temperatures of 13, 16, and 20 °C were imposed in growth chambers, in a cooled plastic house, and in an ambient plastic house, respectively. Control, medium, and severe levels of drought stress were imposed in a series of eight cycles, resulting in mean xylem pressure potentials of −0.32, −0.50, and −0.99 MPa, respectively. Seedlings were kept in the ambient plastic house until January, when they were lifted and cold-stored until planting. Between 11 and 18 April 1989, seedlings were planted in 0.5 m deep sand beds, which provided hygric, mesic, and xeric conditions for testing all species and treatments. At the end of nursery growth, increase in nursery temperature increased height and height:diameter ratio in all species and shoot:root dry weight ratio in Douglas-fir and lodgepole pine. Increase in temperature also increased the number of seedlings with large well-formed buds in white spruce, but reduced the number in Douglas-fir. Drought stress reduced height and dry weight in all species and bud length in lodgepole pine. After 9 weeks in sand beds, low nursery temperature increased survival (19% for lodgepole pine and white spruce grown in the xeric bed), except for Douglas-fir grown in the xeric bed. Nursery drought stress also increased survival (16% for Douglas-fir and lodgepole pine in the xeric bed), but had little effect on white spruce. Low temperature and drought stress treatments that increased survival also reduced height and dry weight of lodgepole pine and white spruce after one growing season in sand beds. Survival showed significant negative correlations with height, dry weight, and height:diameter and shoot:root weight ratios. Low nursery temperature continued to affect growth after planting, increasing relative growth rate and allometric ratio (K) of Douglas-fir and decreasing K of white spruce.

Infection of lodgepole pine and white spruce by Alberta isolates of Armillaria

1989 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 685-689 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin S. Mugala ◽  
Peter V. Blenis ◽  
Yasuyuki Hiratsuka ◽  
Kenneth I. Mallett
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Biological Species ◽  
Containerized Seedlings ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Armillaria Root Rot

Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that white spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss) is less liable than lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.) to be attacked by Alberta isolates of Armillaria. In the first experiment, 27 two-year-old containerized pine and spruce were inoculated with each of 19 different isolates representing North American biological species (NABS) I and V, the Foothills variant of NABS I, and A. mellea s.str. In the second experiment, 10 containerized seedlings of both species were inoculated with eight different isolates of NABS I and transferred to 2-L pots 2 months later. Inoculum survived better in association with spruce seedlings than with pine. In both experiments, spruce seedlings were more frequently infected than pine seedlings, and more likely to die when infected, although this difference was significant only in the first experiment. Favoring or planting spruce on sites with Armillaria root rot, therefore, cannot be recommended in Alberta.

Effect of three species of bacteria on damping-off, root rot development, and ectomycorrhizal colonization of lodgepole pine and white spruce seedlings

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
By E. A. Pedersen ◽  
M. S. Reddy ◽  
P. Chakravarty
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Damping Off ◽  
Ectomycorrhizal Colonization

Dissemination of the conifer seed fungus Caloscyphafulgens by small mammals

1984 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 134-137
Author(s):  
Thomas P. Sullivan ◽  
Jack R. Sutherland ◽  
T. A. D. Woods ◽  
Druscilla S. Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Small Mammals ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Deer Mice ◽  
Red Squirrels ◽  
Conifer Seed

Field studies showed that the seed-pathogenic fungus Caloscyphafulgens (Pers.) Boudier was present in squirrel caches in 25% of the white spruce, Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss, stands in an area near Prince George, B.C. and in duff in 17 and 8% of the lodgepole pine, Pinuscontorta Dougl., clear-cuts there and at Williams Lake, respectively. In the laboratory, deer mice (Peromyscusmaniculatus Wagner), chipmunks (Eutamiastownsendii Bachman), and Douglas squirrels (Tamiasciurusdouglasii Bachman) consumed C. fulgens infested seeds of Douglas-fir, Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco, lodgepole pine, and white spruce as readily as noninfested seeds. Squirrels also ate C. fulgens ascocarps and passed intact ascospores, but these were not observed to germinate. Red squirrels, T. hudsonicus Erxleben, moved, and ate seeds from, both infested and noninfested Douglas-fir cones in the field. It is proposed that C. fulgens is disseminated by squirrels, and perhaps other rodents, and that the fungus may preserve seeds in caches thereby ensuring squirrel food supplies between cone crops. Caloscyphafulgens may also prevent seed germination in direct seeding trials.

scholarly journals A TIME STUDY IN PRUNING PLANTATION WHITE SPRUCE AND RED PINE

1964 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 122-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. B. Berry
Keyword(s):  
White Spruce ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Local Market ◽  
Time Study ◽  
Market Conditions ◽  
Timber Quality ◽  
Experiment Station ◽  
Forest Experiment Station

In a time study at the Petawawa Forest Experiment Station, pruning white spruce to a height of 17 feet took about twice as long as pruning red pine to the same height, owing to differences in the branching habit, length of live crown, and the persistence of the branches of the species. Under present local market conditions, pruning spruce grown in plantations to increase timber quality would be profitable if the operator had access to a market for clear spruce lumber.

Cylindrocladium root rot in Ontario bare-root nurseries: estimate of spruce seedling losses

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 1493-1496 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Juzwik ◽  
C. Honhart ◽  
N. Chong
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Visual Assessment ◽  
Inoculum Density ◽  
Field Assessment ◽  
Causal Fungus ◽  
Bare Root ◽  
Apparently Healthy

Estimates of cylindrocladium root rot losses in three black and three white spruce compartments at five Ontario bare-root nurseries were determined through visual field assessment and seedling isolation. The causal fungus, Cylindrocladiumfloridanum Sob. & C.P. Seym., was isolated from 10–77% of the symptomatic and 0–28% of the apparently healthy seedlings in each compartment. In five compartments, estimates of mean incidence based on seedling isolations and visual assessment, were higher than those based on visual assessment alone. The percentage of living spruce (apparently healthy or symptomatic) estimated to be infected in each compartment was 0.1–32.7%. No fungus isolations were attempted from dead seedlings. Mortality in the plots in the six compartments was 0.02–17.7%. The correlation between the level of Cylindrocladium incidence and the inoculum density was significant (p < 0.01) in two compartments. The use of inoculum density to predict disease incidence warrants further investigation.

Root rot damage in naturally regenerated stands of spruce and balsam fir in Ontario

1989 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 295-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Whitney
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Root Decay ◽  
Forest Region

In an 11-year study in northern Ontario, root rot damage was heaviest in balsam fir, intermediate in black spruce, and least in white spruce. As a result of root rot, 16, 11, and 6%, respectively, of dominant or codominant trees of the three species were killed or experienced premature windfall. Butt rot, which resulted from the upward extension of root rot into the boles of living trees, led to a scaled cull of 17, 12, and 10%, respectively, of gross merchantable volume of the remaining living trees in the three species. The total volume of wood lost to rot was, therefore, 33, 23, and 16%, respectively. Of 1108 living dominant and codominant balsam fir, 1243 black spruce, and 501 white spruce in 165 stands, 87, 68, and 63%, respectively, exhibited some degree of advanced root decay. Losses resulting from root rot increased with tree age. Significant amounts of root decay and stain (>30% of root volume) first occurred at 60 years of age in balsam fir and 80 years in black spruce and white spruce. For the three species together, the proportion of trees that were dead and windfallen as a result of root rot increased from an average of 3% at 41–50 years to 13% at 71–80 years and 26% at 101–110 years. The root rot index, based on the number of dead and windfallen trees and estimated loss of merchantable volume, also increased, from an average of 17 at 41–50 years to 40 at 71–80 years and 53 at 101–110 years. Death and windfall of balsam fir and black spruce were more common in northwestern Ontario than in northeastern Ontario. Damage to balsam fir was greater in the Great Lakes–St. Lawrence Forest region than in the Boreal Forest region. In all three tree species, the degree of root rot (decay and stain) was highly correlated with the number of dead and windfallen trees, stand age, and root decay at ground level (as a percentage of basal area) for a 10-tree sample.

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