Regularity Properties of Free Multiplicative Convolution on the Positive Line

Given two nondegenerate Borel probability measures $\mu$ and $\nu$ on ${\mathbb{R}}_{+}=[0,\infty )$, we prove that their free multiplicative convolution $\mu \boxtimes \nu$ has zero singular continuous part and its absolutely continuous part has a density bounded by $x^{-1}$. When $\mu$ and $\nu$ are compactly supported Jacobi measures on $(0,\infty )$ having power law behavior with exponents in $(-1,1)$, we prove that $\mu \boxtimes \nu$ is another Jacobi measure whose density has square root decay at the edges of its support.

The Design of Temperature and Soil Humidity Control with Fuzzy Method on Greenhouse for Red Chilli Pepper Seedling

The ideal soil temperature and humidity in red chilli pepper seedling is very important in the growth of the plant. The cultivation of red chili plants in greenhouses is very good, because the environment in greenhouses can be manipulated according to the needs of the plants. The ideal temperature for red chili breeding is 25oC to 27oC, for soil moisture drainage and aeration must be maintained during growth. Red pepper plants can grow well in moisture 50% to 70%, irregular soil moisture can cause rooting disease and root decay in plants. Cultivation of plants in greenhouses can maintain the nursery process, because the plants can be cultivated in accordance with the Operational Procedure Standards (SOP). Generally the farmers in breeding of red pepper is done in a trational way. In the process of temperature control and soil moisture using fuzzy method where the system can work automatically, which can facilitate the work of farmers in seeding plants from uncertain environmental conditions outside. In the measurements that have been done can be taken conclusion percentage error mean temperature from setpoint which have been set at the time in the morning equal to 2,48%, at noon equal to 9,79% and at night equal to 1,93%. Then each addition of 1 second watering, soil humidity rise up to 0.067%.

Genome Resource forNeocamarosporium betae(syn.Pleospora betae), the Cause of Phoma Leaf Spot and Root Rot onBeta vulgaris

Neocamarosporium betae (syn. Phoma betae, Pleospora betae) is the cause of Phoma leaf spot and root decay on Beta vulgaris worldwide. Despite the economic importance of the pathogen, many aspects of its life cycle and population biology remain unknown. The first genome assembly of N. betae was constructed to facilitate identification of mating-type loci and development of microsatellite markers for population genetics studies. The de novo assembled genome is provided as a resource for future genetic studies to understand the genetic mechanisms underlying disease development and host-pathogen interactions.

Modelling effects of root growth and decay on soil water retention and permeability

Plant roots can change the soil water retention curve (SWRC) and saturated permeability (ksat) of vegetated soils. However, there is no model that could capture both the effects of root growth and root decay on these soil hydraulic properties simultaneously. This note proposes a new void ratio function that can model the decrease and increase in soil void ratio due to root occupancy (upon growth) and root shrinkage (upon decay), respectively, in an unsaturated vegetated coarse-grained soil. The function requires two root parameters; namely, root volume ratio and root decay ratio, both of which can be readily measured through root excavation and image-based analysis. The new function is incorporated into a void ratio–dependent SWRC model for predicting the SWRC of vegetated soils. Similarly, the same function can be combined with the Kozeny–Carman equation for predicting ksat. The model prediction is then compared with a set of new field test data and an existing laboratory dataset for a silty sand vegetated with plant species under the family Schefflera. Good agreements are obtained between the measurements and predictions.

European oak decline phenomenon in relation to climatic changes

The complex phenomenon of decline in European oak is currently triggered by changing climatic conditions and their consequences like heavy rains, local floods and pest development. Especially, pathogens from Phytophthora genus profit from soil saturation with water. They are alien invasive species, which attack and severely damage fine roots. In drought conditions occurring in the subsequent year, many oaks die as they encounter problem with water uptake. Additionally, insect defoliators followed by oak mildew infections accelerate the level of tree mortality. Secondary insects, butt and root pathogens are usually the final cause of death of many oaks. More research is needed in the direction to determine (i) measurable factors (e.g. chlorophyll florescence) that can indicate that the process of tree decline has already started, (ii) the correlation between the root decay and the crown symptoms (scanners, software), (iii) which combination of stressors stimulate the best development of pathogens that lead to the high plant mortality and (iv) the difference between the mortality caused by the native and the invasive Phytophthora species.

Wood Decay Fungi Associated with Tamarind Tree in Gujarat, India

Fungi may cause internal decay, cankers, loosening of tissue and cell walls result into weak forks in the trunk and large branches. Tree rot may be associated with root decay, damage to foliage and fruits. Wood decay fungi isolated from Tamarindus indica were Daldinia concentrica, Schizophyllum commune, Flavodon flavus,Irpex hydnoides, and Phellinus fastuosus, in which D. concentrica causing canker rot is reported for the first time from India and F. flavus and I. hydnoidesP. fastuosus are recorded for the first time on T. indica wood causing white rot. During canker rot, formation of bark canker and extensive internal decay of wood was observed; as a result the tree growing in the M.S. University campus became structurally unstable and broken off at the canker face. Early detection and removal of such hazardous branches of trees is advocated to avoid loss of life and property.