Work Hours, Work – Family Conflict and Psychophysical Health of Working Parents – Are There Differences Between Women and Men?

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the part that gender roles play in fathers’ work-family experiences. The authors compared two models (gender role as a correlate and as a moderator) and hypothesized that gender role beliefs play an important factor related to fathers’ experiences of work-family conflict. Design/methodology/approach – Participants completed an online survey that consisted of questions related to work and family experiences. The final sample consisted of 264 employed, married fathers. Findings – Results showed a relationship between traditional gender role beliefs and number of hours spent at work and at home. Additionally, number of work hours was related to time-based work-to-family conflict, but not strain-based work-to-family conflict. The results supported the expectation that work hours mediate the relationship between a father's traditional gender role beliefs and time-based work-to-family conflict. Research limitations/implications – Limitations of this study include the use cross-sectional and self-report data. Future research might want to expand the theoretical model to be more inclusive of fathers of more diverse demographic backgrounds, and assess the model with a longitudinal design. Practical implications – A key theoretical implication gleaned from the study is that work-family researchers should include the socially constructed variable of gender roles in their work-family research. Findings provide support for the contention that organizations need to ensure that mothers’ and fathers’ unique needs are being met through family-friendly programs. The authors provide suggestions for specific workplace strategies. Originality/value – This is one of the first studies that focussed on fathers’ experiences of the work-family interface. The results clarify that traditional gender role beliefs give rise to fathers’ gendered behaviors and ultimately work-family conflict.

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Influence of Work-Family-Conflict and Gender on Parenting Styles among Working Parents in Makurdi Metropolis

European Scientific Journal ESJ ◽

10.19044/esj.2016.v12n20p299 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 12 (20) ◽

pp. 299 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Judith Ayangeawam Mase ◽

Tertindi Lordsent Tyokyaa

Keyword(s):

Parenting Styles ◽

Family Conflict ◽

Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Adult Life ◽

Work Family Conflict ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Working Parents ◽

Male And Female ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Work Family

Parenting styles provide the basis for many developmental outcomes during childhood and beyond. Proper parenting is required for the children to properly adjust in their adult life, as poor parenting has been considered a risk factor for problem behaviour in childhood and later adulthood. This study therefore, examines the influence of work-family conflict on parenting styles among working parents in Makurdi metropolis. A cross-sectional survey was adopted in carrying out the study. A total of 236 working parents involving 108(45.8%) male and 128(54.2%) female parents within the age range of 23-54 years, mean age of 31.84, (SD=8.96) were sampled from a population of working parents in Makurdi metropolis. The Parental Care Scale (Baunmnd, 1991) and Work-Family Conflict Scale (Netemeyer, et al., 1996) were used for the purpose of data collection. Simple linear regression analysis and MANOVA were used in testing the hypotheses. Results revealed a significant influence of work-family conflict on parenting styles among the working parents. A significant difference was also found between male and female working parents on parenting styles. It was concluded that work-family conflict is a significant determinant of parenting styles and that differences in parenting styles also exist between male and female parents. Implications for working parents were discussed and recommendations were also made.

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The Effects of Job Order Using SNS after Work Hours on Work-Family Conflict and Psychological Well-Being of Korean Employees : Mediating Effect of Job Stress

Korean Journal of Resources Development ◽

10.24991/kjhrd.2018.12.21.4.77 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 21 (4) ◽

pp. 77-99

Author(s):

Wang Ro Lee ◽

Suk Bong Choi

Keyword(s):

Job Stress ◽

Family Conflict ◽

Well Being ◽

Work Hours ◽

Mediating Effect ◽

Work Family Conflict ◽

Psychological Well Being ◽

Work Family

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Work–Family Conflict Among Athletic Trainers in the Secondary School Setting

Journal of Athletic Training ◽

10.4085/1062-6050-46.2.185 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 46 (2) ◽

pp. 185-193 ◽

Cited By ~ 54

Author(s):

William A. Pitney ◽

Stephanie M. Mazerolle ◽

Kelly D. Pagnotta

Keyword(s):

Secondary School ◽

Athletic Training ◽

Family Conflict ◽

Online Survey ◽

Qualitative Data ◽

Athletic Trainers ◽

Two Dimensions ◽

Work Hours ◽

Work Family Conflict ◽

Work Family

Abstract Context: Work–family conflict (WFC) negatively affects a professional's ability to function at work or home. Objective: To examine perceptions of and contributing factors to WFC among secondary school athletic trainers. Design: Sequential explanatory mixed-methods study. Setting: Secondary school. Patients or Other Participants: From a random sample of 1325 individuals selected from the National Athletic Trainers' Association Member Services database, 415 individuals (203 women, 212 men; age = 36.8 ± 9.3 years) provided usable online survey data. Fourteen individuals participated in follow-up interviews. Intervention(s): Online WFC questionnaire followed by in-depth phone interviews. Main Outcome Measure(s): Descriptive statistics were obtained to examine perceived WFC. Pearson product moment correlations were calculated to examine the relationship between work hours, total athletic training staff, and number of children and WFC score. We performed analysis of variance to examine differences between the independent variables of sex and control over work schedule and the dependent variable of WFC score. The a priori α was set at P ≤ .05. Qualitative data were analyzed using inductive content analysis. Multiple-analyst triangulation and member checks established trustworthiness of the qualitative data. Results: Mean WFC scores were 23.97 ± 7.78 for scale 1 (family defined as having a partner or spouse with or without children) and 23.17 ± 7.69 for scale 2 (family defined as individuals, including parents, siblings, grandparents, and any other close relatives, involved in one's life), indicating moderate perceived WFC. A significant relationship was found between the average hours of work per week and WFC scores: those with less scheduling control experienced more WFC. Two dimensions emerged from the qualitative methods that relate to how WFC is mitigated in the secondary school environment: (1) organizational—having colleagues and administration that understood the role demands and allowed for modifications in schedule and personal time and (2) personal—taking time for oneself and having a family that understands the work demands of an athletic trainer resulted in reduced perceived WFC. Conclusions: A large number of work hours per week and lack of control over work schedules affected the perceived level of WFC.

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Longitudinal analysis of work-family conflict and self-rated health among working parents in Germany

European Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1093/eurpub/ckz186.307 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽

Author(s):

L S Borgmann ◽

P Rattay ◽

T Lampert

Keyword(s):

Family Conflict ◽

Household Income ◽

Odds Ratio ◽

Work And Family ◽

Computer Assisted ◽

Work Family Conflict ◽

Working Parents ◽

Response Options ◽

Self Rated Health ◽

Work Family

Abstract In the wake of a rising labor market participation of women and changing and family arrangements, parents are increasingly faced with the challenge of reconciling work and family life, which can lead to work-family conflicts (WFC). The present study examined the longitudinal effect of WFC on self-rated health among working parents in Germany. The data was drawn from wave 6 (2013) and wave 8 (2015) of the pairfam family and relationship panel. It included working persons living together with at least one child (662 mothers and 529 fathers). Pairfam is a random sample of about 12,000 persons drawn from German habitants in private households. Data was collected via computer-assisted personal interviews with yearly follow-ups. The drop-out rate of the panel from wave 1 to wave 8 is 62%. Self-rated health was measured as a single item with five response options. Using logistic regressions, we estimated the longitudinal effects of the effect of WFC in wave 8 on self-rated health. Moderating effects of education and household income were considered. The analyses were adjusted for self-rated health in wave 6. The odds ratio for poor self-rated health for mothers who developed WFC in wave 8 compared to mothers who did not report a conflict in both waves was 2.6 (95% CI: 1.47-2.41). For fathers with newly emerged WFC in wave 8, the odds ratio was 2.1 (95% CI: 1.08-3.80). Interaction of WFC with education and household income showed a weak non-significant effect on the self-rated health of mothers and fathers. The health of parents who reported a conflict in wave 6 but not in wave 8 was on a similar level as the health of parents with no conflict in both waves. The results point out that WFC can lead to a decline of self-rated health. Further investigations should be carried out to determine groups who are particularly affected by health-related outcomes of WFC. It also remains to be discussed how self-rated health can be improved e.g. through reconciliation policies. Key messages Work-family conflict leads to a poorer self-rated health of working parents in Germany. The health of working parents with lower education and income is affected more severely by work-family conflict compared to parents with higher education and income.

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