Natives and Newcomers

2018 ◽  
pp. 21-68
Author(s):  
Brooks Blevins
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Human Activity ◽  
Mississippi Valley ◽  
Spanish Colonial ◽  
Before And After ◽  
History Of ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
Louisiana Purchase ◽  
Lead Mining

Chapter 2 follows the earliest history of human activity in the Ozark uplift, from the emergence of the Osages as the overlords of the region to the resettlement of the Cherokees and other “immigrant Indians” from east of the Mississippi and their eventual removal in the 1820s and 1830s. This chapter also explores the arrival of the first European settlers in the Mississippi Valley, the French, in the eighteenth century and the lead mining interests that brought them into the Ozarks, as well as the subsequent administrations of French and Spanish colonial officials. The chapter concludes with the arrival of Anglo-American settlers and their slaves, both before and after the Louisiana Purchase.

A Loyalist Who Loved His Country too Much: Thomas Hutchinson, Historian of Colonial Massachusetts

2017 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 344-384
Author(s):  
Liam Riordan
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
American Revolution ◽  
American Culture ◽  
History Of The Book ◽  
Massachusetts Bay ◽  
British Atlantic ◽  
Colonial Society ◽  
History Of ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
British Atlantic World

A history of the book approach to Thomas Hutchinson's History of Massachusetts Bay (published 1764-1828) recovers his commitment to preserve facts and his place in eighteenth-century historiography. Hutchinson's vilification by patriots still obscures our understanding of his loyalism. The article reassesses late colonial society, the American Revolution, and Anglo-American culture in the British Atlantic World.

MORTALITY OF ABANDONED INFANTS BEFORE AND AFTER THE APPEARANCE OF FOUNDLING HOMES IN THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. A66-A66
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Child Abandonment ◽  
European Cities ◽  
Before And After ◽  
History Of

Children were abandoned throughout Europe from Hellenistic antiquity to the End of the Middle Ages in great numbers, by parents of every social standing, and in a great variety of circumstances...Most abandoned children were rescued and brought up either as adopted members of another household or as laborers of some sort. Whether they were exposed anonymously (in which the aim was usually to attract attention), sold, donated, substituted, or "fostered," abandoned infants probably died at a rate only slightly higher than the infant mortality rate at the time...The great disjunction in [the history of abandonment] was occasioned by the rise of the foundling homes sometime in the early thirteenth century. Within a century or two nearly all major European cities had such hospices, which neatly gathered all of the troubling and messy aspects of child abandonment away from view, off the streets, under institutional supervision. Behind their walls, paid officials dealt with society's loose ends, and neither the parents who abandoned them nor their fellow citizens had to devote any further thought or care to the children. Even the foundling homes did not have to care for them for long. A majority of the children died within a few years of admission in most areas of Europe from the time of the emergence of foundling homes until the eighteenth century; in some times and places the mortality rate exceeded ninety percent.

scholarly journals Travelling to improve yourself and to increase common good of humankind and your country: recommendations of Leopold von Berchtold in the context of the Enlightenement discourse

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 5-13
Author(s):  
Kateryna Dysa
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Intellectual History ◽  
Common Good ◽  
The People ◽  
Before And After ◽  
History Of ◽  
Economic State ◽  
Age Of Enlightenment ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
Talented Artist

The recommendations of the Bohemian philanthropist of the late eighteenth century Leopold von Berchtold to travelers were not unique: there were others before and after. In the previous centuries other authors also tended to recommend their readers to pay attention to the economic state of foreign countries and provided them with a long list of questions they had to ask the people in the country of their destination. However, Berchtold’s recommendations were the product of his time, the age of Enlightenment, and they mentioned numerous topics and problems characteristic for that period. For instance, the author believed that self-improvement of a traveler had to begin long before the start of the trip. In Berchtold’s opinion, a traveler prepared for the journey was a kind of ideal, universal superhuman who was physically proficient, expert in all spheres of science, mechanics, economics, and medicine, who knew many languages, and was a talented artist and musician. Among the topics related to the Enlightenment, to which the author paid attention, were, for instance, patriotism of the traveler, which he understood as civil virtue, destined to improve not only his own country but also the whole of humankind. Moreover, patriotism in Berchtold’s interpretation did not contradict cosmopolitanism but rather it based itself on it. Philanthropy – which in the eighteenth century was a kind of secular religion – also featured a lot in Berchtold’s recommendations. Finally, the theme of doubt, as a basis for a critical assessment of reality and verification of authorities, pierced through the whole text of Leopold Berchtold. So did the topic of the public sphere, especially sociability and creation of social networks. The recommendations of Berchtold are thus valuable as a source that can tell a lot about the age of Enlightenment – not only about the practical side of traveling but also about the intellectual history of that period.

Boundaries and Paths

2018 ◽  
pp. 15-46
Author(s):  
Angela Calcaterra
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Native People ◽  
Space And Place ◽  
Boundary Line ◽  
History Of ◽  
Line Survey ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
William Byrd

Chapter 1 traces intersections between Indigenous maps in the early eighteenth-century colonial southeast and William Byrd II’s History of the Dividing Line betwixt Virginia and North Carolina (written in the years following the 1728 boundary-line survey). It shows that the creation of an Anglo-American colonial border and a text considered highly literary cannot be separated from the real and figurative lines Catawba, Cherokee, Weyanoke, and other Native people drew to distinguish polities in the region. Native peoples’ maps, narratives, and political assertions of space and relations shaped the Virginia-North Carolina boundary dispute and survey at every turn, contributing to the meandering form of Byrd’s History, a text he never completed to his satisfaction. Native creative practices were central to colonial American literatures of space and place.

J. G. A. Pocock, The Machiavellian Moment

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Nacol
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Political Theory ◽  
American Revolution ◽  
Political Discourses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
History Of Political Economy ◽  
History Of Finance ◽  
Scholarly Attention

In The Machiavellian Moment, J. G. A. Pocock shows how Niccolò Machiavelli and other Florentine political thinkers adapted Aristotelian and Polybian insights to create a paradigm of republican political thought that was sensitive to the problem of stabilizing civic virtue against inevitable political decay in time. This republican paradigm, he famously insists, traveled to eighteenth-century Anglo-American contexts via the work of James Harrington and helped political thinkers make sense of two seemingly disparate events—the rise of finance in Britain and the American Revolution—in civic republican terms. Pocock’s insistence that The Machiavellian Moment is a work of history does not negate its contributions to political theory. First, it is a significant text for political theorists who attend to the role of language and discourse in political thinking, although the Pocockian approach bears limitations worth acknowledging. Second, Pocock’s work is critical to the republican revival in contemporary political theory, because he centers and defends Florentine and Anglo-American republicanisms as political discourses worthy of scholarly attention. Lastly, The Machiavellian Moment appears, in hindsight, as a foundational text for scholarship in the history of political economy, particularly the pre-history of finance and credit.

scholarly journals Lead Mining and the Survival and Demise of French in Rural Missouri

2005 ◽  
Vol 23 (59) ◽  
pp. 331-342
Author(s):  
Gerald L. Gold
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Washington County ◽  
World War ◽  
Spanish Colonial ◽  
Mode Of Production ◽  
Lead Mining

Old Mines is just about all that remains of French Missouri, a remnant of eighteenth century French and Spanish colonial ambitions. Rich lead deposits attracted the early French to what is now Washington county. The demand for hand dug lead (tuf) and later barite permitted French miners to continue their mode of production with its linguistic and cultural complementarities until World War II. Since, the Missouri French have been gradually disappearing. Yet even at moments of virtual cultural and linguistic collapse, voices are raised in an effort to rectify the situation.

scholarly journals “Apostles and men of learning”: Miguel Venegas, Andrés Marcos Burriel, and the Jesuit Vocation for Natural History

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-55
Author(s):  
Bryan Green
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Natural History ◽  
New Spain ◽  
Spanish American ◽  
Spanish Colonial ◽  
Ascetic Ideal ◽  
History Of ◽  
American Mission ◽  
Natural Histories

The transformation of the Empressas apostólicas (1739), a manuscript history of the Jesuits’ missions in Lower California written by the novo-Hispanic Jesuit Miguel Venegas, into the Noticia de la California (1757), a thoroughly revised version of Venegas’s original prepared by the Spanish Jesuit Andrés Marcos Burriel, provides a case study in how the enactment of the Jesuit ascetic ideal exercised on the Spanish-American mission frontier was closely linked to Enlightenment natural history and ethnography. Through an analysis of both works, as well as Burriel’s correspondence with his Jesuit confrères in New Spain, this article aims to demonstrate the underlying tension in eighteenth-century Jesuit writing between traditional, providential narratives and the skeptical, scientific discourse of secular natural histories. Burriel’s work, which was widely translated and disseminated throughout Europe, aimed to bridge these two discourses by employing the Society’s apostolic-ascetic vocation and global missionary network in the service of natural histories that would appeal to a secular reading public and inform Spanish colonial administration.

scholarly journals “No Intrigue Is Spared”: Anglo-American Intelligence Networks in the Eighteenth-Century Dutch Republic

Itinerario ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Matthijs Tieleman
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Political Support ◽  
Dutch Republic ◽  
Power Politics ◽  
British Atlantic ◽  
Postal Services ◽  
History Of ◽  
Anglo American

Abstract This article surveys previously underexamined American and British intelligence networks that operated in the Netherlands during the eighteenth century and demonstrates the relevance of the eighteenth-century Dutch Republic to the larger history of the Netherlands, early modern Europe, and the revolutionary Atlantic. The Dutch Republic's favourable geographic location, its postal services, its sophisticated press, and its mercantile economy made it an ideal place to extract information and build intelligence networks, shaping power politics in the eighteenth-century British Atlantic. Additionally, this article illustrates how these Anglo-American intelligence networks affected the Dutch Republic and the revolutionary Atlantic. In the late 1770s, American revolutionaries successfully deployed their intelligence network to unleash a propaganda campaign that aimed to convince the Dutch public of their cause. By infiltrating the liberal and sophisticated Dutch printing press, the American revolutionaries not only succeeded in fostering political support among the Dutch public; they also created a transatlantic intellectual exchange with the Dutch opposition that laid the foundations of the Dutch Patriot movement of the 1780s and ultimately the dissolution of the Dutch Republic as a whole in 1795.

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