Effect of Protein Sources on Rumen Microbial Protein Synthesis Using Rumen Simulated Continuous Culture System

The estimation of rumen microbial protein synthesis is one of the main points in the nitrogen (N)-rationing systems for ruminants, as microbial protein provides proportionately 0.4 to 0.9 of amino acids entering the small intestine in ruminants receiving conventional diets (Russell et al., 1992). Methods of estimating microbial protein synthesis rely on marker techniques in which a particular microbial constituent is related to the microbial N content. Marker : N values have generally been established in mixed bacteria isolated from the liquid fraction of rumen digesta and it has been assumed that the same relationship holds in the total population leaving the rumen (Merry and McAllan, 1983). However, several studies have demonstrated differences in composition between solid-associated (SAB) and fluid-associated bacteria in vivo (Legay-Carmier and Bauchart, 1989) and in vitro (Molina Alcaide et al, 1996), as well in marker : N values (Pérez et al., 1996). This problem could be more pronounced in the in vitro semi-continuous culture system RUSITEC, in which there are three well defined components (a free liquid phase, a liquid phase associated with the solid phase and a solid phase), each one having associated microbial populations.The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effect of using different bacterial isolates (BI) on the estimation of microbial production of four different diets in RUSITEC (Czerkawski and Breckenridge, 1977), using (15NH4)2 SO4 as microbial marker, and to assess what effects any differences would have on the comparison of microbial protein synthesis between diets.This study was conducted in conjunction with an in vitro experiment described by Carro and Miller (1997). Two 14-day incubation trials were carried out with the rumen simulation technique RUSITEC (Czerkawski and Breckenridge, 1977). The general incubation procedure was the one described by Czerkawski and Breckenridge (1977) and more details about the procedures of this experiment are given elsewhere (Carro and Miller, 1997).

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Effect of fibre source on the efficiency of microbial synthesis by mixed microorganisms from the sheep rumen in vitro

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1752756200005330 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 2001 ◽

pp. 151-151 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M. J. Ranilla ◽

S. López ◽

M. D. Carro ◽

R. J. Wallace ◽

C. J. Newbold

Keyword(s):

Protein Synthesis ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Culture System ◽

Gas Production ◽

Microbial Protein ◽

Microbial Synthesis ◽

Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽

Plant Fibre ◽

Sheep Rumen

The efficiency and rate of microbial protein synthesis in the rumen depend on several factors, of which the chemical and physical properties of the plant fibre are among the most important. Estimation of microbial yield and fermentation rate can be obtained from in vitro experiments, which combine gas production and substrate degradability measurements and/or use microbial markers. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different fibre sources on microbial protein synthesis in a batch culture system in vitro.

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The effect of carbohydrate supplementation of grass silage on rumen microbial protein synthesis using rumen simulation continuous culture

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s0308229600031779 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 1996 ◽

pp. 214-214

Author(s):

J.W. Joo ◽

W.J. Maeng ◽

J.E. Cockburn ◽

A.B. McAllan ◽

H. Park ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Protein Synthesis ◽

Continuous Culture ◽

Microbial Activity ◽

Microbial Protein ◽

Additional Energy ◽

Carbohydrate Supplementation ◽

Rumen Microbes ◽

Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽

Grass Silage

Grass silage is considered to be asynchronous in the supply of energy and nitrogen to the rumen microbes. It is thought that this contributes towards the reduced quantities and efficiencies of rumen microbial protein synthesis frequently observed in animals feed on such diets (Beever, 1993). Additional energy from carbohydrates may help to ameliorate this situation. A rumen simulated continuous culture (RSCC) system was used to study the influence of supplementation of grass silage with various carbohydrate sources on rumen microbial activity.

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Effects of the ratio of effective rumen degradable protein to fermentable metabolizable energy on voluntary intake and milk yields of dairy cows

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1752756200005664 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 2001 ◽

pp. 184-184

Author(s):

A.R.J. Cabrita ◽

A.J.M. Fonseca ◽

C. Sampaio ◽

E. Gomes ◽

R.J. Dewhurst

Keyword(s):

Protein Synthesis ◽

Dairy Cows ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Microbial Protein ◽

Maize Silage ◽

Protein Sources ◽

Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽

Voluntary Intake ◽

Production Response ◽

Degradable Protein

Diets with low ratios of effective rumen degradable protein (ERDP) to fermentable metabolizable energy (FME) are often offered to dairy cows in Portugal, because they are based on maize silage and protein sources are very expensive. It seems likely that this will restrict microbial protein synthesis and voluntary intake and, consequently, lead to reduced milk yields. The objective of this study was to examine the production response of dairy cows offered diets differing in ERDP/FME ratio.

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Volatile fatty acids concentration and efficiency of microbial protein synthesis of concentrate cassava peel diet with different levels of protein sources

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202233500029 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 335 ◽

pp. 00029

Author(s):

Arya Dwi Saputra ◽

Kusmartono Kusmartono ◽

Mashudi Mashudi ◽

Poespitasari Hazanah Ndaru

Keyword(s):

Protein Synthesis ◽

Volatile Fatty Acids ◽

Block Design ◽

Microbial Protein ◽

Protein Sources ◽

Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽

Cassava Leaves ◽

Cassava Peel ◽

Different Levels

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different levels of protein sources in a concentrate cassava peel diet on volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration and efficiency of microbial protein synthesis (EMPS) by in vitro method. The five diet treatments in this study consisted of cassava meal (CM), cassava peel (CP), cassava leaves (CL) and moringa leaves (ML) with the proportion applied were T1=CM70% + CP20% + CL5% + ML5%; T2=CM60% + CP20% + CL10% + ML10%; T3=CM50% + CP20% + CL15% + ML15%; T4=CM40% + CP20% + CL20% + ML20%; T5=CM30% + CP20% + CL25% + ML25%. The experiment used a randomized block design with five treatments and three replications. The results showed that increasing the level of protein sources in the ration tended to increase the value of total VFA, acetate, propionate, CO2, and CH4 in which T3 had the highest values. However, the effect of treatments were significant in EMPS value (P<0.01). It was concluded that increasing levels of cassava and moringa leaves in the concentrate cassava peel diet tended to increase the value of total VFA, acetate, propionate, butyrate, CO2, and CH4 which led to a significant increase in EMPS values.

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The influence of supplementing a rapidly degraded fibre basal diet with different forms of nitrogen on microbial activity in continuous culture fermenters

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1752756200598214 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 1998 ◽

pp. 169-169

Author(s):

S. Chikunya ◽

E. L. Miller

Keyword(s):

Protein Synthesis ◽

Continuous Culture ◽

Microbial Activity ◽

Basal Diet ◽

Microbial Protein ◽

Protein Nitrogen ◽

Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽

Fibre Diet ◽

Accurate Procedure ◽

True Protein

A lot of controversy in literature still surrounds the way in which free amino acids (AA), peptides and true protein nitrogen influence fibre digestion and the activity of bacteria which ferment structural carbohydrates in the rumen. One of the major impediments in the understanding of ruminal microbial protein synthesis is the lack of a simple and accurate procedure for measuring its yield. The aim of this study was two fold: firstly, to make further investigations into the effects of feeding different forms of supplementary nitrogen to a rapidly fermented high fibre diet on microbial activity, and secondly, to compare three different procedures of estimating microbial protein synthesis under the same conditions in continuous culture (CC).

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Effects of Nonstructural Carbohydrate, Urea and Soluble Protein Levels on Microbial Protein Synthesis in Continuous Culture of Rumen Contents

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.2527/jas1978.474944x ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 47 (4) ◽

pp. 944-956 ◽

Cited By ~ 42

Author(s):

M. D. Stern ◽

H. Hoover ◽

C. J. Sniffen ◽

B. A. Crooker ◽

P. H. Knowlton

Keyword(s):

Protein Synthesis ◽

Continuous Culture ◽

Soluble Protein ◽

Microbial Protein ◽

Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽

Protein Levels ◽

Nonstructural Carbohydrate

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Effects of feeding dried grass pasture and a grain ration differing in rumen undegradable protein at two feeding frequencies on nutrient digestibility and microbial protein synthesis during continuous culture

Animal Feed Science and Technology ◽

10.1016/s0377-8401(98)00165-5 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 74 (1) ◽

pp. 1-13 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

D.D Hongerholt ◽

G.A Varga ◽

L.D Muller

Keyword(s):

Protein Synthesis ◽

Continuous Culture ◽

Nutrient Digestibility ◽

Microbial Protein ◽

Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽

Rumen Undegradable Protein

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Effects of BioChlor and Fermenten on Microbial Protein Synthesis in Continuous Culture Fermenters

Journal of Dairy Science ◽

10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(05)72930-1 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 88 (7) ◽

pp. 2524-2536 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

I.J. Lean ◽

T.K. Miller Webster ◽

W. Hoover ◽

W. Chalupa ◽

C.J. Sniffen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Protein Synthesis ◽

Continuous Culture ◽

Microbial Protein ◽

Microbial Protein Synthesis

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The influence of supplementing a rapidly degraded fibre basal diet with different forms of nitrogen on microbial activity in continuous culture fermenters

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s0308229600033821 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 1998 ◽

pp. 169-169

Author(s):

S. Chikunya ◽

E. L. Miller

Keyword(s):

Protein Synthesis ◽

Continuous Culture ◽

Microbial Activity ◽

Basal Diet ◽

Microbial Protein ◽

Protein Nitrogen ◽

Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽

Fibre Diet ◽

Accurate Procedure ◽

True Protein

A lot of controversy in literature still surrounds the way in which free amino acids (AA), peptides and true protein nitrogen influence fibre digestion and the activity of bacteria which ferment structural carbohydrates in the rumen. One of the major impediments in the understanding of ruminal microbial protein synthesis is the lack of a simple and accurate procedure for measuring its yield. The aim of this study was two fold: firstly, to make further investigations into the effects of feeding different forms of supplementary nitrogen to a rapidly fermented high fibre diet on microbial activity, and secondly, to compare three different procedures of estimating microbial protein synthesis under the same conditions in continuous culture (CC).

Download Full-text