Nonstructural carbohydrates, carbon and nitrogen concentrations in fine roots of Quercus variabilis secondary forests after two different periods of regeneration

Aim of study: Quercus variabilis is a sclerophyllous oak with strong resprouting capabilities and whose regeneration is facilitated by the development of stump shoots following disturbance. During secondary forest regeneration, fine roots are important organs relative to changes in stand characteristics. Here, we aimed to provide novel insights into the chemical composition variations in roots with seasonality and root order hierarchy in a Q. variabilis forest at different periods of regeneration.Area of study: The forest is located next to the Baxianshan National Reserve in the southern part of the Yanshan Mountains, Tianjin, China.Materials and methods: Six plots were established in stands with either eight or 40 years of regeneration for the repeated sampling of fine roots during the growing season of 2019. All roots were classified by branch order. The first three root orders were collected to analyse the concentrations of nonstructural carbohydrate, carbon, and nitrogen.Main results: Short-term regeneration stands showed a reduction in soil moisture and an increase in soil temperature because of the lower canopy cover, compared to long-term stands. Soluble sugar and starch were lower in roots of short-term stands than in those of long-term stands, and the decreasing ratio of both parameters was observed in short-term stands. Less carbon and greater nitrogen concentrations of fine roots were found in short-term stands than in long-term stands, which resulted in weaker C/N ratio values. Nonstructural carbohydrate was stored more in higher order roots than terminal roots and presented greater sensitivity to forest regeneration. Redundancy discriminate analysis demonstrated that the nonstructural carbohydrate concentrations in roots were affected positively by canopy cover and negatively by soil temperature.Research highlights: The seasonal dynamics and branch allocation of chemical reserves in fine roots varied in the different periods of forest regeneration because of the discrepancy between the canopy cover and soil traits. Less nonstructural carbohydrate and a lower C/N ratio at the onset of forest regeneration may elevate the risk of root death.Keywords: soluble sugar; starch; forest regeneration; root order; C/N ratio; redundancy discriminate analysis.

Seasonal Nonstructural Carbohydrate Patterns in Dewberry (Rubus spp.) Roots

Applying control measures when carbohydrate levels are low can decrease the likelihood of plant survival, but little is known about the carbohydrate cycles of dewberry (Rubus spp.), a problematic weed group on cranberry farms. Weedy Rubus plants were collected from areas adjacent to production beds on commercial cranberry farms in Massachusetts, two locations per year for two years. For each site and year, four entire plants were collected at five phenological stages: budbreak, full leaf expansion, flowering, fruit maturity, and after onset of dormancy. Root sections were analyzed for total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC; starch, sucrose, fructose, and glucose). Overall trends for all sites and years showed TNC were lowest at full leaf expansion or flowering; when sampled at dormancy, TNC concentrations were greater than or equal to those measured at budbreak. Starch, a carbohydrate form associated with long-term storage, had low levels at budbreak, leaf expansion and/or flowering with a significant increase at fruit maturity and the onset of dormancy, ending at levels higher than those found at budbreak. The concentration of soluble sugars, carbohydrate forms readily usable by plants, was highest at budbreak compared to the other four phenological samplings. Overall, our findings supported the hypothesis that TNC levels within the roots of weedy Rubus plants can be predicted based on different phenological growth stages in Massachusetts. However, recommendations for timing management practices cannot be based on TNC cycles alone; other factors such as temporal proximity to dormancy may also impact Rubus plants recovery and further research is warranted. Late-season damage should allow less time for plants to replenish carbohydrate reserves (prior to the onset of dormancy), thereby likely enhancing weed management tactics effectiveness over time. Future studies should consider tracking the relationship between environmental conditions, phenological stages, and carbohydrate trends.