Bears, Bear Grounds, and Bovines in the Lower Southeast

Bears ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 217-234
Author(s):  
Barnet Pavao-Zuckerman ◽  
Heather A. Lapham ◽  
Gregory A. Waselkov
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Native Habitat ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Indian Agent ◽  
Frequency Index ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
Deerskin Trade ◽  
Cattle Husbandry ◽  
Over Time

In the late eighteenth century, U.S. Indian agent Benjamin Hawkins observed that Creeks maintained “beloved bear-grounds” near towns to protect bear habitat. However, Hawkins also noted, “as the cattle increase and the bear decrease, they are hunted in common.” Hawkins’ observations suggest a relationship between the frequency of the two species, and zooarchaeological assemblages from Creek towns support this hypothesis. A frequency index of bear and cattle remains indicate that as cattle increased over time, bear decreased precipitously. Creek hunters initially despised cattle, believing that beef would make the consumer slow and dim-witted. However, with the decline of the deerskin trade, Creek hunters turned to animal husbandry. The best graze for cattle was found in the “beloved bear grounds” and cattle husbandry quickly devastated native bear habitats. By the end of the eighteenth century, cattle displaced bears from their native habitat, and replaced bears in Creek life.

Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Kathryn N. Jones ◽  
Carol Tully ◽  
Heather Williams
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Contact Zone ◽  
Major Theme ◽  
Travel Destination ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Political Alliances ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
Theoretical Issues ◽  
Over Time

The growth in the popularity of Wales as travel destination in the late eighteenth century is sketched, while the relative ‘invisibility’ of Wales in travel writing as well as in scholarship is noted. ‘Europe’ is presented as a fluid entity, and the ‘nationalities’ of the travellers discussed is problematized (e.g. a number of the French travellers studied identify as Breton, and the notion of ‘Germany’ encompasses numerous states and political alliances over time). Since Wales’s ‘Celticness’ is a major theme for travellers throughout the periods under discussion, the changing uses of the term ‘Celtic’ (and its derivatives) are explored. Wales is positioned as a case study or an exemplar of a particular type of relationship between peripheral and hegemonic culture(s), through a discussion of general theoretical issues surrounding the ethics of travel, the contact zone and the notion of the travellee. This draws on work by Cronin on minorities, Forsdick on ethics, Pratt on the contact zone and travellees, and Urbain on endotic/exotic travel.

The Epigraphic Work of Early Egyptologists and Travelers to Egypt

2020 ◽  
pp. 228-242
Author(s):  
Lise Manniche
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Architectural Drawings ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
Complicated Process ◽  
Over Time

This chapter, covering the period from the late eighteenth century up until 1850, presents the pioneers of Egyptian epigraphy with their different backgrounds and qualifications for the tasks ahead. From the beginning, gifted artists produced impressive architectural drawings, but the standards of accuracy in copying reliefs, paintings, and hieroglyphs only developed over time depending on the aids and funds available and, eventually, the entire complicated process of printing.

Slavery and Ransom

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Will Smiley
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
The State ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
The Law

This chapter explores captives’ fates after their capture, all along the Ottoman land and maritime frontiers, arguing that this was largely determined by individuals’ value for ransom or sale. First this was a matter of localized customary law; then it became a matter of inter-imperial rules, the “Law of Ransom.” The chapter discusses the nature of slavery in the Ottoman Empire, emphasizing the role of elite households, and the varying prices for captives based on their individual characteristics. It shows that the Ottoman state participated in ransoming, buying, exploiting, and sometimes selling both female and male captives. The state particularly needed young men to row on its galleys, but this changed in the late eighteenth century as the fleet moved from oars to sails. The chapter then turns to ransom, showing that a captive’s ability to be ransomed, and value, depended on a variety of individualized factors.

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