Indian Agent Involvement in the Establishment of Permanent Settlement for the South Indian Labouring Community, 1923–1941

This article investigates a long-neglected aspect of Indian Malaysian history, namely the Indian Agents of the Government of India to British Malaya. The Indian Agents were representatives of the Indian Government who were appointed under the Indian Immigration Act of 1922 to investigate and report on the state of affairs of Indian communities in the British colonies. The official duties of the Indian Agents in British Malaya were formalised under Section 73 (III) of the Labour Code 1923. Between 1923 and 1941, six Indian Agents were appointed in British Malaya. Throughout their tenure, they focused on and reported extensively on the socioeconomic conditions of the Indian working-class community, particularly south Indian labourers. One problem that came to their attention was the underdevelopment of the community’s permanent settlement in the country. The Federated Malay States (FMS) government did not appear to be concerned about the situation. Similarly, private estate managers reacted indifferently to the issue. Both saw permanent settlement as simply an economic measure to keep the community as a labour force, rather than a way to alleviate their socioeconomic hardships. This article shows how the Indian Agents were able to uncover a range of issues that were impeding the establishment of permanent settlements for south Indian labourers in the FMS. Some of them demonstrated exceptional levels of direct involvement. The article’s primary goal is to assess the degree to which the Indian Agents influenced the overall development of permanent Indian labour settlement.

Bears, Bear Grounds, and Bovines in the Lower Southeast

In the late eighteenth century, U.S. Indian agent Benjamin Hawkins observed that Creeks maintained “beloved bear-grounds” near towns to protect bear habitat. However, Hawkins also noted, “as the cattle increase and the bear decrease, they are hunted in common.” Hawkins’ observations suggest a relationship between the frequency of the two species, and zooarchaeological assemblages from Creek towns support this hypothesis. A frequency index of bear and cattle remains indicate that as cattle increased over time, bear decreased precipitously. Creek hunters initially despised cattle, believing that beef would make the consumer slow and dim-witted. However, with the decline of the deerskin trade, Creek hunters turned to animal husbandry. The best graze for cattle was found in the “beloved bear grounds” and cattle husbandry quickly devastated native bear habitats. By the end of the eighteenth century, cattle displaced bears from their native habitat, and replaced bears in Creek life.

Refusing Citizenship

This chapter examines the ways in which Pueblo Indians sought to define their own political status during the U.S. territorial period. According to the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which ended the U.S.-Mexico War, Pueblo Indians were U.S. citizens. As Pueblo Indian Agent John Calhoun (and later governor of New Mexico) reasoned, this meant the right to the franchise as well. But, problems arose over Pueblo voting rights, as some non-Indians concluded that if they voted, it would mean that the Pueblos gave up their status as distinct, sovereign Indigenous communities. For their part, the Pueblos continued to act as Indian republics, and their independent political status was seemingly confirmed by the gift of the so-called Lincoln Canes in 1863. A series of legal cases, culminating in U.S. v. Joseph (1876), ultimately defined the Pueblos as non-voting citizens. Throughout the territorial period, the Pueblos asserted that they did not desire U.S. citizenship, instead preferring to retain their mixed systems of town government, in place since the Spanish period, and their semisovereign status under the U.S. Office of Indian Affairs.

Dirt and Morality during Ute Removal

The bloody confrontation between Utes and the U.S. Cavalry at the Colorado Ute Indian Agency in 1879 was a significant chapter in U.S. history. The government and Colorado citizens used this battle as a rhetorical flashpoint to justify removal of Utes from their land. This conflict presents an opportunity to revisit nineteenth-century violence over land. I suggest that a religious studies framework can deepen our understanding of the entanglement of tensions among ethnicity, morality, and land use. Ute Indians pastured hundreds of horses on land that Nathan Meeker, the white Indian agent, wished to plow. This paper argues that notions of religious and racial difference framed the land conflict between Meeker and the Utes, even as both groups viewed land as a means to gain status.

REGULATIONS OF REGISTRATION AND IMPORT OF MEDICAL DEVICE IN INDIA

India is a huge market for medical devices and is increasing constantly for the last few years. The registration certificate and import license is mandatory for a manufacturer of India who wishes to import any medical device in India. If a company which wants to imports its medical devices in India does not have a registered office in India it needs Indian agent authorized by CDSCO, to do so. Duly filled form-10 is required to be submitted for import license, while form-44 duly filled is required to be submitted for marketing authorization of a new medical device or its re-registration. The review focuses on regulation concerned to the registration procedures import of a new medical device in India with latest amendments in the regulation concerned.

REGULATIONS OF REGISTRATION AND IMPORT OF MEDICAL DEVICE IN INDIA

India is a huge market for medical devices and is increasing constantly for the last few years. The registration certificate and import license is mandatory for a manufacturer of India who wishes to import any medical device in India. If a company which wants to imports its medical devices in India does not have a registered office in India it needs Indian agent authorized by CDSCO, to do so. Duly filled form-10 is required to be submitted for import license, while form-44 duly filled is required to be submitted for marketing authorization of a new medical device or its re-registration. The review focuses on regulation concerned to the registration procedures import of a new medical device in India with latest amendments in the regulation concerned.

Domestic Fronts in the Era of 1812

In 1811, while working as U.S. Indian Agent to the Choctaw nation, a white man named Silas Dinsmoor took guardianship of a ten- or eleven-year-old Choctaw boy named James McDonald. By examining the federal career and household arrangements of this government official and their convergence with the lives of James and his mother Molly McDonald, this essay highlights the central role that race, slavery, and kinship played in both imposing and resisting U.S. imperial rule. It begins by revisiting federal Indian policy and discourses concerning Indian “civilization” to consider the racialized and gendered kinship structures that supported U.S. territorial expansion. It then looks at how Dinsmoor specifically drew upon these same familial arrangements to push for U.S. settlement in the Choctaw nation on both a grand and intimate scale. Dinsmoor was initially invested in federal Indian policies and programs aimed at assimilating Choctaw people and their lands into the U.S. plantation economy by encouraging them to adopt U.S. kinship structures. However, in light of Choctaw responses to his controversial presence in their homelands, the Indian Agent became disillusioned with his work. Presented with an opportunity to “settle” Choctaw lands by establishing a plantation household of his own, Dinsmoor recalibrated his ambitions. Instead of trying to impose U.S. familial values on Choctaw people writ large, he began to acquire Choctaw lands for his own family’s gain, shoring up his claims to Choctaw lands and his sense of spatial mastery through the containment of black and Indian bodies within the space of his own “private” patriarchal household. The essay briefly concludes with the unexpected consequences of Dinsmoor’s actions. When Dinsmoor incorporated a Choctaw youth into his plantation home, he inadvertently supported Molly McDonald’s efforts to use both her son and racial slavery to bolster her own influence on lands coveted by the United States. In the end, Silas Dinsmoor and Molly McDonald’s actions reveal the yawning gap between imperial agendas and colonial realities as Native people found new ways to maintain control over their homelands.