Formal and informal ways of learning in employer-provided further training in East and West German enterprises: Results from a large-scale establishment survey

Abstract In 1990, German unification led to an abrupt and extensive restructuring of the educational system and economy of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) as the latter was reintegrated into the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG). However, the consequences of this large-scale institutional change for the educational inequality between children from different social class backgrounds in East Germany continue to be poorly understood. This article seeks to shed new light on this question by using a quasi-experimental approach to examine the difference in educational inequality between East and West Germany before and after German unification. We compare changes in the class gradient in the attainment of comparable school and university qualifications in East and West Germany across six birth cohorts, including three cohorts of individuals who completed their schooling after unification. We find that before unification, inequality of educational opportunity at the mid-secondary, upper-secondary and tertiary level was substantially lower in East Germany than in West Germany and that unification led to a substantial and sustained convergence of the level of inequality of educational opportunity in East Germany towards that of West Germany.

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Astronomy and the Laws of Physics

Highlights of Astronomy ◽

10.1017/s1539299600002379 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 35-35

Author(s):

P. Morrison

Keyword(s):

Particulate Matter ◽

Long Range ◽

Large Scale ◽

Virial Theorem ◽

Modern Science ◽

Ancient China ◽

East And West ◽

Scale Failure

The metaphor of physical law - a range of orderly behavior within certain authoritative constraints - has not escaped the historians of ideas. That scheme, in all its forms, east and west, gained its earliest strength from astronomy itself. The search for measured order in heaven is old and widespread; two instances from ancient China and pre-Columbian Mexico will make the point.For our modern science, two universals rule: that of particulate matter - from neutrons to C2 H5 OH - and the only unsaturable force, long-range gravitation. The phenomena of astronomical scale are mainly examples of kinetic motion resisting for a time that untiring attraction, under the virial theorem. Matter is everywhere familiar, apart from the deep and puzzling question of what seems to be the large-scale failure of matter-antimatter symmetry.

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Introduction

Local Lives, Parallel Histories ◽

10.1093/oso/9780198856146.003.0001 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-34

Author(s):

Marcel Thomas

Keyword(s):

Cold War ◽

Social Change ◽

Large Scale ◽

Modern Society ◽

Postwar Germany ◽

Historical Literature ◽

Central Argument ◽

East And West ◽

Divided Germany

This chapter introduces the reader to the two case study villages Neukirch and Ebersbach, explains the methodology of the study, and outlines the structure of the book. It also sets out the central argument that there were parallel histories of responses to social change among villagers in the divided Germany. The chapter then outlines the three major ways in which the book contributes to scholarship on postwar Germany: Firstly, by highlighting similarities between East and West, it complicates persisting Cold War divisions in the historical literature. Secondly, it emphasizes the complex ways in which East and West Germans engaged with large-scale changes through peculiarly local meanings. Thirdly, by focusing on two case study localities which question conventional divides between the urban and the rural, it challenges understandings of the rural as the traditional ‘other’ in modern society.

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Cultural Encounters with the Arabian Nights in Nineteenth-Century Britain

10.3366/edinburgh/9781474443647.001.0001 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Melissa Dickson

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

British Literature ◽

Cultural Landscape ◽

Large Scale ◽

Common Ground ◽

Changing Environment ◽

Cultural Encounters ◽

Arabian Nights ◽

East And West ◽

A Site

Aladdin, Sinbad, Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves, Scheherazade winding out her intricate tales to win her nightly stay of execution: the stories of the Arabian Nights are a familiar and much-loved part of the English literary inheritance. But how did these tales become so much a part of the British cultural landscape? This book identifies the nineteenth century as the beginning of the large-scale absorption of the Arabian Nights into British literature and culture. It explores how this period used the stories as a means of articulating its own experiences of a rapidly changing environment. It also argues for a view of the tales not as a depiction of otherness, but as a site of recognition and imaginative exchange between East and West, in a period when such common ground was rarely found.

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Large-scale establishment of Ammophila arenaria and quantitative assessment by remote sensing

Biological Conservation ◽

10.1016/0006-3207(92)91094-9 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 62 (3) ◽

pp. 233

Keyword(s):

Remote Sensing ◽

Quantitative Assessment ◽

Large Scale ◽

Ammophila Arenaria ◽

Scale Establishment

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The Effect of the Post-Socialist Transition on Inequality of Educational Opportunity: Evidence from German Unification

10.31235/osf.io/bythr ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Bastian Andreas Betthäuser

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Educational Opportunity ◽

Educational Inequality ◽

East Germany ◽

West Germany ◽

German Unification ◽

Federal Republic Of Germany ◽

Birth Cohorts ◽

East And West Germany ◽

East And West

In 1990, German unification led to an abrupt and extensive restructuring of the educational system and economy of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) as the latter was reintegrated into the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG). However, the consequences of this large- scale institutional change for the educational inequality between children from different social class backgrounds in East Germany continue to be poorly understood. This article seeks to shed new light on this question by using a quasi-experimental approach to examine the difference in educational inequality between East and West Germany before and after German unification. We compare changes in the class gradient in educational attainment in East and West Germany across six birth cohorts, including three cohorts of individuals who completed their schooling after unification. Contrasting with past findings, our results show that before unification, educational inequality at the mid-secondary, upper-secondary and tertiary level was substantially lower in East Germany than in West Germany and that unification led to a substantial and sustained convergence of the level of educational inequality in East Germany towards that of West Germany.

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Analytic Tools for Evaluating Variability of Standard Errors in Large-Scale Establishment Surveys

Journal of Official Statistics ◽

10.2478/jos-2014-0048 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 30 (4) ◽

pp. 787-810

Author(s):

MoonJung Cho ◽

John L. Eltinge ◽

Julie Gershunskaya ◽

Larry Huff

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Estimation Error ◽

Predictor Variables ◽

Standard Errors ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Variance Functions ◽

Equation Error ◽

Generalized Variance Functions ◽

Scale Establishment ◽

The U.S

Abstract Large-scale establishment surveys often exhibit substantial temporal or cross-sectional variability in their published standard errors. This article uses a framework defined by survey generalized variance functions to develop three sets of analytic tools for the evaluation of these patterns of variability. These tools are for (1) identification of predictor variables that explain some of the observed temporal and cross-sectional variability in published standard errors; (2) evaluation of the proportion of variability attributable to the abovementioned predictors, equation error and estimation error, respectively; and (3) comparison of equation error variances across groups defined by observable predictor variables. The primary ideas are motivated and illustrated by an application to the U.S. Current Employment Statistics program.

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Communicating and Visualising Urban Planning in Cold War Berlin

Urban Planning ◽

10.17645/up.v5i2.3028 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 10-23 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Christoph Bernhardt ◽

Kathrin Meissner

Keyword(s):

Urban Planning ◽

Urban Renewal ◽

Large Scale ◽

West Germany ◽

Small Scale ◽

Media Campaigns ◽

East And West Germany ◽

New Strategy ◽

East And West ◽

Post War

This article analyses the dynamics of communication, specifically with regard to the significance of visualisations in urban planning between the two competing political regimes of East and West Germany in divided Berlin (1945–1989). The article will demonstrate the ways in which planners on either side of the Iron Curtain were confronted with matters unique to their own political contexts and conditions for public communication, as well as how they faced similar challenges in fields of urban renewal and negotiating public participation. The post-war decades in Berlin were marked by strong planning dynamics: large-scale reconstruction after WWII and the ‘showcase character’ of political confrontation and competition. In this context, new strategies of communicating urban planning to the public were developed, such as large-scale development plans, public exhibitions and cross-border media campaigns. Paradigmatic shifts during the mid-1970s generated new discourses about urban renewal and historic preservation. The new focus on small-scale planning in vivid and inhabited inner-city neighbourhoods made new forms of communication and public depiction necessary. In the context of social and political change as well as growing mediatisation, planning authorities utilised aspects of urban identity and civic participation to legitimise planning activities. The article traces two small-scale planning projects for neighbourhoods in East and West Berlin and investigates the interrelation of visual communication instruments in public discourses and planning procedures during the 1980s, a period that prominently featured the new strategy of comprehensive planning. Furthermore, the article highlights the key role of micro-scale changes in the management of urban renewal along both sides of the wall and the emergence of neighbourhood civil engagement and participation.

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Observed Large-Scale East-West Asymmetries in the Solar Corona

International Astronomical Union Colloquium ◽

10.1017/s0252921100025227 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 144 ◽

pp. 151-154

Author(s):

J. C. Noëns ◽

B. Pech ◽

J. Xanthakis ◽

H. Mavromichalaki ◽

V. Tritakis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Solar Activity ◽

Solar Corona ◽

Large Scale ◽

Activity Cycle ◽

Solar Activity Cycle ◽

Local Effects ◽

East And West ◽

East West

AbstractSome new results are presented and discussed about the problem of the asymmetries in the observed corona between the east and west limbs. “Local effects” are analysed. Relations within one eleven-year solar activity cycle are shown.

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