Effektiver Schutz nationaler Minderheiten durch den Europäischen Gerichtshof für Menschenrechte?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalie Baumgart
Keyword(s):  
Case Law ◽  
Consistent System ◽  
Minority Protection ◽  
Additional Protocol

Now that a consistent system of regional minority protection has been established through the FCNM and the case law of the ECtHR, the question arises as to its effectiveness, to what extent the standard of the ECtHR corresponds to the level of the minority-specific draft of an additional protocol to the ECHR and whether there is still a need for such an additional protocol today. Therefore, this work is based on an articlecentred approach, which focuses on developments and critically examines individual judgments. A comparison of the draft additional protocol and the ECHR / FCNM serves to identify possible gaps in protection. The paper concludes with a statement on the feasibility of an additional protocol.

Additional Protocol II: Elevating the minimum threshold of intensity?

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
Martha M. Bradley
Keyword(s):  
Case Law ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Minimum Threshold ◽  
Additional Protocol ◽  
Geneva Conventions ◽  
Scope Of Application ◽  
Treaty Interpretation ◽  
Armed Violence

Abstract This paper examines the notion of intensity in the context of common Article 3 and Additional Protocol II (AP II) to the Geneva Conventions in order to establish whether AP II demands a different intensity threshold from the minimum threshold of intensity contemplated in common Article 3. The paper considers the question of whether the inclusion of the term “sustained” in the phrase “sustained and concerted military operations” intrinsic to the threshold in Article 1(1) of AP II introduces a temporal requirement in addition to mere protracted armed violence. The paper argues that the inclusion of the term “sustained” in Article 1(1) of AP II potentially demands prolonged protracted armed violence. The research aims to contribute to the existing literature on the notion of intensity demanded by the scope of application inherent in AP II through an interrogation of the phrase “sustained” military operations by employing the rules of treaty interpretation and by examining relevant case law and scholarly debate. In this way, the author hopes to contribute towards filling a lacuna with regard to the minimum threshold for intensity in the context of treaty law concerned with the classification of non-international armed conflicts.

scholarly journals Ochrona praw mniejszości narodowych w orzecznictwie Europejskiego Trybunału Praw Człowieka oraz Komitetu Praw Człowieka ONZ – analiza porównawcza

2014 ◽  
pp. 7-28
Author(s):  
Grażyna Baranowska
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Political Participation ◽  
Indigenous People ◽  
Case Law ◽  
National Minority ◽  
Minority Protection ◽  
National Minorities ◽  
European Court ◽  
Religious Clothing ◽  
State Schools

The article analyses case law concerning national minority protection in the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights and UN Human Rights Committee. The protection of national minorities is realized through protecting individual right of persons belonging to minorities. Due to significant amount of cases and given the importance of discussed issues, the analysis is restricted to three topics: names, education and political participation. The case law has set some important standards in those areas. In most of the analyzed aspects the approach of both organs has been the same, for example in regard to names and surnames of persons belonging to national minorities. The research also showed areas in which the case law was not consistent – while examining cases concerning the same French law regarding wearing of religious clothing by students in state schools, the UN Committee, contrary to the Court, found a violation by the state. However, in the vast majority of studied subjects, the jurisprudence of the Court and Committee is very similar and allows to formulate an international standard of national minority protection. Among national minorities indigenous people enjoy in some aspects greater protection than other groups, which is particularly evident in the Committee decisions.

scholarly journals Turkey, the Kurds, and the legal contours of the right to self-determination

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derya Bayir
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Participatory Democracy ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
Minority Protection ◽  
Internal Dimension ◽  
External Dimension ◽  
The Right ◽  
Right Of Self Determination

Within international law, the concept of self-determination has evolved over the years so as to reveal an external dimension, often associated with secession, and an internal dimension, entailing participatory democracy, minority protection in the context of pluralist co-existence within the territories of a state. An examination of the interpretation of self-determination by the Constitutional Court in Turkey shows, however, that the Court has statically endorsed the former, conservative viewpoint, which reinforces Turkey's militantly nationalist, democracy. This article explains the development of the right of self-determination in international law and examines the Turkish Constitutional Court's case law in that light. In a study of the case law on party closures in Turkey, it evaluates the extent to which the Constitutional Court's archaic and anti-democratic interpretation has created a legality undermining the ethno-cultural and political demands for the rights of Kurds in Turkey.Tirkiye, Kurd û derbenda zagonî ya mafê biryardana çarenûsDi nav dorbenda zagona navnetewî da konsepta mafê biryardana çarenûs piştî gelek salan guheriye. Ev guherîn ji aliyekî ve rehendeka derveyî eşkere dike ku bi cudaxwaziyê ve têkildar e; ji aliyê din ve jî rehendeka hindirîn eşkere dike ku vê yekê rê daye demokrasiya beşdar û parastina kêmaniyan di konteksta pevrejiyaneka piranîgir/pluralîst di nav sînorên dewletê da. Lê belê, hûrnêrîneka li şîrovekirina mafê biryardana çarenûs ji layê Dadgeha Qanûna Bingehîn li Tirkiyeyê nîşan dide ku vê dadgehê herdem nêrîna pêşîn ya kevneparêz pesend kiriye ku vê jî rê daye xurtkirina demokrasiyeka neteweperest a mîlîtan. Ev gotar geşebûna mafê biryardana çarenûs di zagona navnetewî da rave dike û bi vê rêkê hewl dide ku dozeka Dadgeha Qanûna Bingehîn a Tirkan vekole. Bi xebateka li ser dozeka zagonî derbareyê girtina partiyan li Tirkiyeyê, ev gotar dinirxîne bê ta çi astî şîroveyên Dadgeha Zagonî yên kevneparêz û dij-demokratîk têgihiştineka qanûnî ava kiriye ku peşkê li daxwazên etno-çandî yên Kurdên li Tirkiyeyê dixe.  تورکیا، کورد، و ڕەهێلە یاساییەکانی ماف و مافی چارەی خۆنووسین لە یاسای نێونەتەوەیی دا، چەمکی مافی چارەی خۆنووسین کە بە درێژایی ساڵان لە گەشەکردن دابووە، لایەنێکی دەرەکی هەیە کە گەلێک جاران لە پەیوەندی لە گەڵ دابڕان و جودایی خۆازی باسی لێکراوە، ولایەنێکی نێوخۆیی کە گوزارە لە دیموکراسی بەشداربووانە و پاراستنی کەمینە لە زەمینەی ژیانی هاوبەشی پلوڕالیستی لە نێو خاکی دەوڵەتێک دا دەکات. پێداچوونەوەیەکی دادگای یاسای بنەڕەتی تورکیا لە سەر خویندنەوەی مافی چارەی خۆنووسین، هەر ڕێگا بە هەمان بۆچوونی کۆنەپارێزانە دەدات کە لە ڕاستی دیموکراسی ناسیۆنالیسمی میلیتان بە هێزدەکات. ئەم نووسراوەیە باس لە گەشەکردنی مافی چارەی خۆنووسین لە یاسای نێونەتەوەیی دا دەکات و هەر لەم پەیوەندییە دا تیشک دەخاتە سەر دادگای یاسای بنەرەتی تورکیا و هەڵس و کەوتی لەم کەیسە یاساییە تایبەتە دا. لیکولینەوەیەک کە لە سەر کەیسی یاسا لە پەیوەندی بە داخستنی پارتە سیاسییەکان لە تورکیا ئەنجام دراوە، نیشانی دەدات کە هەتا چ رادەیەک خویندنەوەی کۆن و دژە دیمۆکراتیکی دادگای یاسای بنەڕەتی تورکیا، بۆتە هۆکاری لەباربردن و بنهڵۆل کردنی زەمینەی یاسایی داواکارییە کولتوری، ئیتنیکی و سیاسییەکانی کورد لە تورکیا. وشە سەرەکییەکان: مافی چارەی خۆنووسین، کورد، دادگای یاسای بنەرەتی تورکیا، ئۆتۆنۆمی، دیمۆکراسی

Minority Protection in the European Union: To Protect or Not to Protect?

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-115
Author(s):  
A. Aslı Bilgin
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
European Integration ◽  
Minority Rights ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Internal Market ◽  
Lisbon Treaty ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Minority Protection ◽  
The Impact

The foundation of European Integration is based on economic objectives from the beginning of the 1950s. The founding treaties did not include provisions regarding minority rights. Minority rights have been a foundational value since the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty, but there is no legislation related to minority rights or internal minority policy at the European Union (eu) level, because of the absence of competence given to eu institutions. This study analyses how issues relating to minority protection are handled vis-a-vis internal market objectives under eu law in the light of primary, secondary and eu case-law. While determining the legal framework on minority rights in the eu, not only the impact of the case-law of the cjeu on minority protection, but also the possibility of the cjeu’s power to establish an internal minority policy and the Member States’ approaches to an internal minority policy have been taken into consideration.

The AMA Guides in Pennsylvania “Post-Protz”: Act 111 and Case Law Update

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 12-19
Author(s):  
Justin D. Beck ◽  
Judge David B. Torrey
Keyword(s):  
Case Law ◽  
General Assembly ◽  
Disability Benefits ◽  
Permanent Disability ◽  
Sixth Edition ◽  
Legal Questions ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
Recent Edition ◽  
Impairment Ratings

Abstract Medical evaluators must understand the context for the impairment assessments they perform. This article exemplifies issues that arise based on the role of impairment ratings and what edition of the AMA Guides to the Impairment of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides) is used. This discussion also raises interesting legal questions related to retroactivity, applicability of prior precedent, and delegation. On June 20, 2017, the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania handed down its decision, Protz v. WCAB (Derry Area Sch. Dist.), which disallows use of the “most recent edition” of the AMA Guides when determining partial disability entitlement under the Pennsylvania Workers’ Compensation Act. An attempted solution was passed by the Pennsylvania General Assembly and was signed into law Act 111 on October 24, 2018. Although it affirms that the AMA Guides, Sixth Edition, must be used for impairment ratings, the law reduces the threshold for total disability benefits from 50% to 35% impairment. This legislative adjustment benefited injured workers but sparked additional litigation about whether, when, and how the adjustment should be applied (excerpts from the laws and decisions discussed by the authors are included at the end of the article). In using impairment as a threshold for permanent disability benefits, evaluators must distinguish between impairment and disability and determine an appropriate threshold; they also must be aware of the compensation and adjudication process and of the jurisdictions in which they practice.

Shoulder Pain at Work: Causation Analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-16
Author(s):  
Joel Weddington ◽  
Charles N. Brooks ◽  
Mark Melhorn ◽  
Christopher R. Brigham
Keyword(s):  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Individual Case ◽  
Shoulder Injury ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Causation Analysis ◽  
Injury Causation ◽  
Relevant Factors

Abstract In most cases of shoulder injury at work, causation analysis is not clear-cut and requires detailed, thoughtful, and time-consuming causation analysis; traditionally, physicians have approached this in a cursory manner, often presenting their findings as an opinion. An established method of causation analysis using six steps is outlined in the American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine Guidelines and in the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Disease and Injury Causation, Second Edition, as follows: 1) collect evidence of disease; 2) collect epidemiological data; 3) collect evidence of exposure; 4) collect other relevant factors; 5) evaluate the validity of the evidence; and 6) write a report with evaluation and conclusions. Evaluators also should recognize that thresholds for causation vary by state and are based on specific statutes or case law. Three cases illustrate evidence-based causation analysis using the six steps and illustrate how examiners can form well-founded opinions about whether a given condition is work related, nonoccupational, or some combination of these. An evaluator's causal conclusions should be rational, should be consistent with the facts of the individual case and medical literature, and should cite pertinent references. The opinion should be stated “to a reasonable degree of medical probability,” on a “more-probable-than-not” basis, or using a suitable phrase that meets the legal threshold in the applicable jurisdiction.

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