scholarly journals Medium to Shallow Depth Stratigraphic Assessment Based on the Application of Geophysical Techniques

10.5772/35669 ◽  
2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Balia
Keyword(s):  
Shallow Depth ◽  
Geophysical Techniques

Investigating thickness and internal structure of alpine mires using conventional and geophysical techniques

CATENA ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 195-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Sass ◽  
A. Friedmann ◽  
G. Haselwanter ◽  
K.-F. Wetzel
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Geophysical Techniques

scholarly journals Gravity Analysis for Subsurface Characterization and Depth Estimation of Muda River Basin, Kedah, Peninsular Malaysia

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (14) ◽  
pp. 6363
Author(s):  
Muhammad Noor Amin Zakariah ◽  
Norsyafina Roslan ◽  
Norasiah Sulaiman ◽  
Sean Cheong Heng Lee ◽  
Umar Hamzah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Rock Type ◽  
Gravity Data ◽  
Power Spectral Analysis ◽  
Depth Estimation ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Peninsular Malaysia ◽  
Gravity Survey ◽  
Basement Rock ◽  
Geophysical Techniques

Gravity survey is one of the passive geophysical techniques commonly used to delineate geological formations, especially in determining basement rock and the overlying deposit. Geologically, the study area is made up of thick quaternary alluvium deposited on top of the older basement rock. The Muda River basin constitutes, approximately, of more than 300 m of thick quaternary alluvium overlying the unknown basement rock type. Previous studies, including drilling and geo-electrical resistivity surveys, were conducted in the area but none of them managed to conclusively determine the basement rock type and depth precisely. Hence, a regional gravity survey was conducted to determine the thickness of the quaternary sediments prior to assessing the sustainability of the Muda River basin. Gravity readings were made at 347 gravity stations spaced at 3–5 km intervals using Scintrex CG-3 covering an area and a perimeter of 9000 km2 and 730 km, respectively. The gravity data were then conventionally reduced for drift, free air, latitude, Bouguer, and terrain corrections. These data were then consequently analyzed to generate Bouguer, regional and total horizontal derivative (THD) anomaly maps for qualitative and quantitative interpretations. The Bouguer gravity anomaly map shows low gravity values in the north-eastern part of the study area interpreted as representing the Main Range granitic body, while relatively higher gravity values observed in the south-western part are interpreted as representing sedimentary rocks of Semanggol and Mahang formations. Patterns observed in the THD anomaly and Euler deconvolution maps closely resembled the presence of structural features such as fault lineaments dominantly trending along NW-SE and NE-SW like the trends of topographic lineaments in the study area. Based on power spectral analysis of the gravity data, the average depth of shallow body, representing alluvium, and deep body, representing underlying rock formations, are 0.5 km and 1.2 km, respectively. The thickness of Quaternary sediment and the depth of sedimentary formation can be more precisely estimated by other geophysical techniques such as the seismic reflection survey.

scholarly journals Groundwater salinity variation in Upazila Assasuni (southwestern Bangladesh), as steered by surface clay layer thickness, relative elevation and present-day land use

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 1431-1451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Floris Loys Naus ◽  
Paul Schot ◽  
Koos Groen ◽  
Kazi Matin Ahmed ◽  
Jasper Griffioen
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
Shallow Depth ◽  
Hydrological Processes ◽  
Groundwater Salinity ◽  
Clay Layer ◽  
Fresh Groundwater ◽  
Salinity Variation ◽  
Clay Layers

Abstract. In the southwestern coastal region of Bangladesh, options for drinking water are limited by groundwater salinity. To protect and improve the drinking water supply, the large variation in groundwater salinity needs to be better understood. This study identifies the palaeo and present-day hydrological processes and their geographical or geological controls that determine variation in groundwater salinity in Upazila Assasuni in southwestern Bangladesh. Our approach involved three steps: a geological reconstruction, based on the literature; fieldwork to collect high-density hydrological and lithological data; and data processing to link the collected data to the geological reconstruction in order to infer the evolution of the groundwater salinity in the study area. Groundwater freshening and salinization patterns were deduced using PHREEQC cation exchange simulations and isotope data were used to derive relevant hydrological processes and water sources. We found that the factor steering the relative importance of palaeo and present-day hydrogeological conditions was the thickness of the Holocene surface clay layer. The groundwater in aquifers under thick surface clay layers is controlled by the palaeohydrological conditions prevailing when the aquifers were buried. The groundwater in aquifers under thin surface clay layers is affected by present-day processes, which vary depending on present-day surface elevation. Slightly higher-lying areas are recharged by rain and rainfed ponds and therefore have fresh groundwater at shallow depth. In contrast, the lower-lying areas with a thin surface clay layer have brackish–saline groundwater at shallow depth because of flooding by marine-influenced water, subsequent infiltration and salinization. Recently, aquaculture ponds in areas with a thin surface clay layer have increased the salinity in the underlying shallow aquifers. We hypothesize that to understand and predict shallow groundwater salinity variation in southwestern Bangladesh, the relative elevation and land use can be used as a first estimate in areas with a thin surface clay layer, while knowledge of palaeohydrogeological conditions is needed in areas with a thick surface clay layer.

scholarly journals A Comparison of some Upland and Valley Soils in the Ungava-Labrador Peninsula

2007 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 243-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
William H. Hendershot
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Carbon Accumulation ◽  
Shallow Depth ◽  
Soil Profiles ◽  
Tree Line ◽  
Climatic Regions ◽  
Coarse Texture ◽  
Active Mixing ◽  
Extractable Iron

ABSTRACT Thirteen soil profiles from northern Québec and Labrador, Canada, near the northern tree-line, were sampled and analysed. Five of these, located on poorly to imperfectly drained sites, are strongly cryoturbated soils with permafrost at a shallow depth. Below the surface horizon they have very uniform profile distributions of pH, carbon and extractable iron and aluminum due to the active mixing of the horizons. The eight soils from well-drained sites have profiles similar to those of soils in similar settings in more temperate climatic regions. One of these, developed in one of the most northerly valleys having a black spruce-larch forest vegetation, has the characteristics of a podzol (spodosol) except that the podzolic B (spodic) horizon is too thin. The other seven profiles all have color B horizons, although the coarse texture prevents their classification as cambic horizons; these soils all have carbon-rich A horizons varying in thickness from 1.5 to 20 cm. Soil temperature at 50 cm depth closely follows the elevational and latitudinal distribution of the soils; a range of 0 to 10° C was observed. Soil development, measured as depth of solum, organic carbon accumulation or degree of B horizon development, is closely related to soil temperature and site position. The presence of permanently frozen ice layers at shallow depth has a marked influence on soil genesis and the properties of the resultant soils.

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