scholarly journals Survival Differences of Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus Strains in Shellstock Oysters (Crassostrea virginica) from Harvest to Sale: A Risk Perspective

Molluscs ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Violeta Pardío ◽  
Irma Wong ◽  
Leonardo Lizárraga ◽  
Karla López ◽  
Argel Flores ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crassostrea Virginica ◽  
Vibrio Parahaemolyticus ◽  
Vibrio Vulnificus ◽  
Survival Differences

Effect of Ploidy on Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus Levels in Cultured Oysters

2020 ◽  
Vol 83 (11) ◽  
pp. 2014-2017
Author(s):  
JESSICA L. JONES ◽  
KERI A. LYDON ◽  
WILLIAM C. WALTON
Keyword(s):  
Crassostrea Virginica ◽  
Vibrio Parahaemolyticus ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Vibrio Vulnificus ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Colony Hybridization ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Rapid Growth Rate ◽  
Vibrio Spp ◽  
Half Sibling

ABSTRACT Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus are naturally occurring human pathogenic bacteria commonly found in estuarine environments where oysters are cultured. The use of triploid oysters has increased due to their rapid growth rate and because they maintain a high quality throughout the year. Previous work suggested levels of Vibrio spp. may be lower in triploid oysters than diploid oysters. Therefore, this study aimed to determine whether there is a difference in the abundances of V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus between half-sibling diploid and triploid American oysters (Crassostrea virginica). In four trials, 100 individual oysters (either iced or temperature abused) were analyzed for V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus by using direct plating followed by colony hybridization. Mean levels of V. parahaemolyticus in iced and abused diploid oysters were 3.55 and 4.21 log CFU/g, respectively. Mean levels in iced and abused triploid oysters were 3.49 and 4.27 log CFU/g, respectively. Mean levels of V. vulnificus in iced and abused diploid oysters were 3.53 and 4.56 log CFU/g, respectively. Mean levels in iced and abused triploid oysters were 3.54 and 4.55 log CFU/g, respectively. The differences in Vibrio spp. abundances between diploid and triploid oysters was not significant (P > 0.05). However, the differences across treatments were significant (P < 0.05), with the exception of V. parahaemolyticus levels in trial 3 (P = 0.83). Variation between individual oysters was also observed, with 12 of 808 measurements being outside of the 95th percentile. This phenomenon of occasional statistical outliers (“hot” or “cold” oysters) has been previously described and supports the appropriateness of composite sampling to account for inherent animal variability. In summary, the data indicate that abundances of V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus are not dependent on the ploidy of cultured oysters but vary with the type of handling. HIGHLIGHTS

Growth and Survival Differences of Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus Strains during Cold Storage

2009 ◽  
Vol 74 (6) ◽  
pp. M314-M318 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.E. Burnham ◽  
M.E. Janes ◽  
L.A. Jakus ◽  
J. Supan ◽  
A. DePaola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cold Storage ◽  
Vibrio Parahaemolyticus ◽  
Vibrio Vulnificus ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Survival Differences

Effectiveness of Icing as a Postharvest Treatment for Control of Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus in the Eastern Oyster (Crassostrea virginica)

2008 ◽  
Vol 71 (7) ◽  
pp. 1475-1480 ◽  
Author(s):  
KEVIN MELODY ◽  
RESHANI SENEVIRATHNE ◽  
MARLENE JANES ◽  
LEE ANN JAYKUS ◽  
JOHN SUPAN
Keyword(s):  
Crassostrea Virginica ◽  
Cold Storage ◽  
Vibrio Parahaemolyticus ◽  
Vibrio Vulnificus ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Eastern Oyster ◽  
Pathogenic Vibrio ◽  
Postharvest Treatment ◽  
Shellfish Sanitation ◽  
Vibrio Spp

The focus of this research was to investigate the efficacy of icing as a postharvest treatment for reduction of the levels of Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus in commercial quantities of shellstock oysters. The experiments were conducted in June and August of 2006 and consisted of the following treatments: (i) on-board icing immediately after harvest; (ii) dockside icing approximately 1 to 2 h prior to shipment; and (iii) no icing (control). Changes in the levels of pathogenic Vibrio spp. during wholesale and retail handling for 2 weeks postharvest were also monitored. On-board icing achieved temperature reductions in all sacks in accordance with the National Shellfish Sanitation Program standard, but dockside icing did not meet this standard. Based on one-way analysis of variance, the only statistically significant relationship between Vibrio levels and treatment occurred for samples harvested in August; in this case, the levels of V. vulnificus in the noniced oysters were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than were the levels in the samples iced on-board. When analyzing counts over the 14-day storage period, using factorial analysis, there were statistically significant differences in V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus levels by sample date and/or treatment (P < 0.05), but these relationships were not consistent. Treated (iced) oysters had significantly higher gaping (approximately 20%) after 1 week in cold storage than did noniced oysters (approximately 10%) and gaping increased significantly by day 14 of commercial storage. On-board and dockside icing did not predictably reduce the levels of V. vulnificus or V. parahaemolyticus in oysters, and icing negatively impacted oyster survival during subsequent cold storage.

scholarly journals Immunomagnetic Separation and Coagglutination of Vibrio parahaemolyticus with Anti-Flagellar Protein Monoclonal Antibody

2008 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
pp. 1541-1546 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Datta ◽  
M. E. Janes ◽  
J. G. Simonson
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Cell Suspension ◽  
Vibrio Parahaemolyticus ◽  
Vibrio Vulnificus ◽  
Immunomagnetic Separation ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Selective Isolation ◽  
Flagellar Protein ◽  
Phosphate Buffered Saline

ABSTRACT Mice were immunized by injection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus ATCC 17802 polar flagellin in order to produce monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). mAbs were analyzed by anti-H enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using V. parahaemolyticus polar flagellar cores. The mAb exhibiting the highest anti-H titer was coated onto Cowan I Staphylococcus aureus cells at a concentration of 75 μg/ml cell suspension and used for slide coagglutination. Of 41 isolates identified genetically as V. parahaemolyticus, 100% coagglutinated with the anti-H mAb within 30 s, and the mAb did not react with 30 isolates identified as Vibrio vulnificus. A strong coagglutination reaction with V. parahaemolyticus ATCC 17802 was still observed when the S. aureus cells were armed with as little as 15 μg of mAb/ml S. aureus cell suspension. At this concentration, the mAb cross-reacted with three other Vibrio species, suggesting that they share an identical H antigen or antigens. The anti-H mAb was then used to optimize an immunomagnetic separation protocol which exhibited from 35% to about 45% binding of 102 to 103 V. parahaemolyticus cells in phosphate-buffered saline. The mAb would be useful for the rapid and selective isolation, concentration, and detection of V. parahaemolyticus cells from environmental sources.

scholarly journals Antibiogram signatures of non-cholera causing Vibrio species recovered from environmental niches in Eastern Cape, South Africa.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oluwakemi Victoria Ayodele ◽  
Anthony Ifeanyi Okoh
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Vibrio Parahaemolyticus ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Vibrio Vulnificus ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Morbidity Rate ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Vibrio Fluvialis

Abstract Background: The use of antibiotics globally has helped reduce mortality and morbidity rate due to its ability to effectively treat bacterial infections in both humans and animals. However, the menace of antimicrobial resistance has become a challenge to public health due to its increased mortality and morbidity rate. This study determined the antibiogram pattern of non-cholera causing Vibrio species against a panel of 11 antibiotics that are wildly used for treatment. Multiple antibiotic resistance phenotype, multiple antibiotic resistant indices and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of test antibiotics were also determined.Results: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to confirm 100 isolates of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, 82 and 46 isolates of Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio fluvialis respectively, collected from the culture collections of the Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), University of Fort Hare. Thereafter, disc diffusion method was used to determine the antibiogram pattern of target non-cholera causing Vibrio species against a panel of 11 antibiotics that are of clinical importance. The highest rate of Vibrio parahaemolyticus resistance was observed against tetracycline (22 %) and nalidixic acid (16 %). Vibrio fluvialis also displayed highest rate of resistance against tetracycline (28 %) and nalidixic acid (28 %), while Vibrio vulnificus isolates exhibited highest rate resistance against imipenem (40 %) and tetracycline (22 %). A total of 38 MARP patterns were observed and the MAR indices ranged between 0.3 and 0.8. Against the resistant Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio fluvialis isolates, minimum inhibitory concentration ranged from 16 µg/ml to 2048 µg/ml for both tetracycline and nalidixic acid, while against Vibrio vulnificus isolates, minimum inhibitory concentration ranged from 8 µg/ml to 256 µg/ml for both imipenem and nalidixic acid. Conclusions: Results obtained from this study is an indication that antibiotic resistant bacteria that could pose as threat to health of humans and animals are present in the environment.

Selectivity and Specificity of a Chromogenic Medium for Detecting Vibrio parahaemolyticus†

2005 ◽  
Vol 68 (7) ◽  
pp. 1454-1456 ◽  
Author(s):  
YI-CHENG SU ◽  
JINGYUN DUAN ◽  
WEN-HSIN WU
Keyword(s):  
Vibrio Parahaemolyticus ◽  
Bile Salts ◽  
Vibrio Vulnificus ◽  
Enterobacter Cloacae ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Chromogenic Medium ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Vibrio Fluvialis ◽  
Vibrio Mimicus ◽  
Vibrio Spp

The thiosulfate–citrate–bile salts–sucrose agar (TCBS) used in the most-probable-number method for detecting Vibrio parahaemolyticus cannot differentiate growth of V. parahaemolyticus from Vibrio vulnificus or Vibrio mimicus. This study examined the selectivity and specificity of Bio-Chrome Vibrio medium (BCVM), a chromogenic medium that detects V. parahaemolyticus on the basis of the formation of distinct purple colonies on the medium. A panel consisting of 221 strains of bacteria, including 179 Vibrio spp. and 42 non-Vibrio spp., were examined for their ability to grow and produce colored colonies on BCVM. Growth of Salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Aeromonas was inhibited by both BCVM and TCBS. All 148 strains of V. parahaemolyticus grew on BCVM, and 145 of them produced purple colonies. The remaining 31 Vibrio spp., except one strain of Vibrio fluvialis, were either unable to grow or produced blue-green or white colonies on BCVM. Bio-Chrome Vibrio medium was capable of differentiating V. parahaemolyticus from other species, including V. vulnificus and V. mimicus. Further studies are needed to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of BCVM for detecting V. parahaemolyticus in foods.

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