scholarly journals Systems and Operation of Ballast Water in Ships with the Changing Ballast Water Management Policy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleyadath Lakshmi ◽  
Machinchery Priya ◽  
Velayudhan Sivanandan Achari
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Ballast Water ◽  
Marine Pollution ◽  
Water Discharge ◽  
Management Policy ◽  
New Combination ◽  
Testing Laboratories ◽  
Ballast Water Treatment ◽  
Ballast Water Management

Bio-invasion caused due to ballast water discharge is one of many problems in marine pollution. Countries such as Canada, Brazil, USA and Australia recognized the problems associated with ballasting and deballasting. Countries affected with invasive species formulated specific laws for discharging ballast water in their respective ports. Under the coordination of IMO, countries came together and stressed for globally accepted guidelines that each and every ship has to comply with, while entering any port. In the wake of this, IMO in a convention (2004) on ballast water, proposed guidelines for performing proper ballast water management. This includes ballast water exchange, ballast water treatment, port reception facility, technology approval process, sampling ballast water, analysis methods of ballast water and risk assessment in the convention. Eventually the 2004 convention was found to be inadequate in providing complete elimination of bio invasion. Amendments are made to the 2004 convention over the years for ballast water management. It is found that the member states should share technology among developing countries in establishing sampling and testing laboratories. Region specific sampling analysis and research has to be formulated to understand the bio-invasion based on region and characteristics of different target species in evaluating risk assessment. The D2 standard mentioned in the 2004 convention should be changed from size specific to ‘no organism’ standard in ballast water for discharge. New combination of BWT systems and ‘no ballast’ system with modification to the ship design should be tested, developed and implemented to bring in ecological balance and sustenance in the marine ecosystems.

scholarly journals Ballast Water Management: Policy to Sampling - the Orkney Experience

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Sawkins ◽  
Jenni Kakkonen
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Marine Environment ◽  
Ballast Water ◽  
Water Policy ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Water Discharge ◽  
Management Policy ◽  
Orkney Islands ◽  
Eu Directive ◽  
Ballast Water Management

Orkney Islands Council is the Statutory Harbour Authority for Scapa Flow – a 324.5km2 area of deep water and sheltered anchorage in the Orkney Islands, north of mainland Scotland, with a long history and present use by all types of shipping. This paper will provide a short introduction to the development of the IMO and EU Directive compliant Ballast Water Management Policy for Scapa Flow which was approved by the competent planning authority in December 2013. Scapa Flow is in an environmentally sensitive area, this along with best practice was taken into account when developing the Policy – which includes strict and enforceable requirements on vessels and the Harbour Authority with regards to operations, monitoring and reporting. Since its approval there have been thirty-three occasions where ballast water discharge into Scapa Flow (by various types of vessels) has been requested. The Policy requires that vessels requesting to discharge ballast water into Scapa Flow must exchange and treat (where a treatment system is fitted) on every visit to Scapa Flow (no exceptions or exemptions allowed). To date thirty-one vessels have carried out exchange and two have carried out exchange and treat – all as per the Policy. This paper will deal with the setting of an IMO compliant Ballast Water Policy through to practical application by a Statutory Harbour Authority for a period of three years from 2013 to present day – with examples of ship types, amounts, any restrictions imposed, checks and reports made. It will include – with input from the Harbour Authority’s Marine Environment Unit lead by Jenni Kakkonen –a review of the positive actions, problems, solutions and overall results obtained so far regarding taking ballast water samples from these vessels, analysing the same and recording of details. There is a continual review and reporting process with regards to the effectiveness of the Policy to the Orkney Marine Environment Protection Committee (comprising of all the relevant statutory advisors and interested groups). The paper will contain the Harbour Authority’s way ahead in order to remain compliant, maintain its knowledge base of new technologies and environmental reports – all with the continued aim of maintaining the environment and commercial sustainability of Scapa Flow as a leading port and harbour.

scholarly journals ATP assay for rapid onboard testing to detect living microorganisms in Ballast Water

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seungshic Yum ◽  
Bong Gil Hyun ◽  
Kitae Rhie ◽  
Kyoungsoon Shin
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Cell Volume ◽  
Ballast Water ◽  
Treatment System ◽  
Diatom Species ◽  
Water Treatment System ◽  
Atp Assay ◽  
Ballast Water Treatment ◽  
Ballast Water Management

Rapid and simple analytical methods for viable microorganism detection in ballast water are required to evaluate the efficiency of ballast water treatment system. During the course of systematic investigation of the cytotoxicity and apoptosis assays, it was found that the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and luminescence based cell viability assay, in other word, an ATP assay was the most sensitive and applicable to ballast water management (BWM). The assay was applied to cultured microalgae samples, and it could detect the existence of 5 viable cells in 100 μl. Comparably low luminescent values were detected in two cultured diatom species than in cultured dinoflagellates. This result might be caused by the small cell volume in diatom species. Following a regression model between ATP concentration and cell volume, an ATP guideline (876 – 109246 relative luminescence units: RLU) was developed for the evaluation of treated ballast water. ATP assay was also applied to the evaluation of ballast water treatment system (BWTS). The luminescence value which obtained from the ATP assay also showed a good correlation with the presence of living natural plankton cells with comparably low luminescence values than the cultured species. The low ATP concentration in natural plankton cells may reflect a decline in their biological activity because of extended exposure to dark conditions. ATP assay could be a suitable method for the monitoring of ballast water management compliance even though the results of this study need further validation.

Ballast Water Discharge and the Influence of Seawater Environment

2014 ◽  
Vol 989-994 ◽  
pp. 1161-1164
Author(s):  
Xiao Yan Li ◽  
Sha Liu ◽  
Zhi Min Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Invasive Species ◽  
Ballast Water ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Water Discharge ◽  
Effective Response ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Natural Range ◽  
Seawater Environment ◽  
Ballast Water Management

Ships have carried solid ballast for thousands of years in the form of rocks, sand or metal. In modern times, ships use water as ballast. It is more easier to load on and off a ship and more efficient and economical than solid ones. Ship fills with ballast water when it is empty of cargo, and the ballast water is discharged when it loads cargo. In ballast water ,there are hundreds of organisms carried that cause problematic ecological effects outside of their natural range. Preventing the transfer of invasive species and coordinating a timely and effective response to invasions require cooperation and collaboration between governments. Considerable efforts had already made to formulate appropriate standards for ballast water management during the convention development process. Overview

Ship Ballast Water Management in Turkish Ports and Waterways

2011 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 23-32
Author(s):  
Tanzer Satir ◽  
Bhaskar Kura
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Ballast Water ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Marine Pollution ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Marine Habitat ◽  
Efficient Operation ◽  
Western Asia ◽  
Ship Ballast Water ◽  
Ballast Water Management

AbstractThe introduction of invasive marine species into a new environment by ballast water attached to ship hulls has been identified as one of the four greatest threats to the world’s oceans. The other three are land-based sources of marine pollution, overexploitation of living marine resources, and physical alteration/destruction of marine habitat. Ballast is any material used to add weight to balance an object. One example includes the sandbags carried on conventional hot air balloons, which can be discarded to lighten the balloon’s load, allowing it to ascend. Ballast water is water carried by ships to ensure stability, trim, and structural integrity. Shipping moves over 80% of the world’s commodities and transfers approximately 3‐5 billion tons of ballast water internationally each year. A similar volume may also be transferred domestically within countries and regions each year. Ballast water is absolutely essential to the safe and efficient operation of modern shipping, providing balance and stability to unladen ships. However, it may also pose a serious ecological, economical, and health threat to the marine environment.Turkey is a Eurasian country that stretches across the Anatolian peninsula in western Asia and southeastern Europe. Turkey is surrounded by three seas: the Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea, and the Aegean Sea. The Turkish straits that separate Europe and Asia are one of the busiest waterways of the world. Turkey has several ports and berthing facilities. The number of ships coming to ports or passing through the straits has been increasing in the last decade. Half of these ships are carrying ballast water. Turkey has not ratified the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments (BWM) as yet but will soon prepare ballast water strategies. This paper discusses two different topics: ship ballast water management strategies and treatment technologies. The authors recommend the best strategies for prevention of ship ballast water pollution in the Turkish straits and ports.

scholarly journals Evaluation of approaches to quantify total residual oxidants in ballast water management systems employing chlorine for disinfection

2014 ◽  
Vol 70 (10) ◽  
pp. 1585-1593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amity G. Zimmer-Faust ◽  
Richard F. Ambrose ◽  
Mario N. Tamburri
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Ballast Water ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Amperometric Sensors ◽  
Oxidation Reduction ◽  
Ballast Water Treatment ◽  
Intermittent Sampling ◽  
Ballast Water Management

With the maturation and certification of several ballast water management systems that employ chlorine as biocide to prevent the spread of invasive species, there is a clear need for accurate and reliable total residual oxidants (TRO) technology to monitor treatment dose and assure the environmental safety of treated water discharged from ships. In this study, instruments used to measure TRO in wastewater and drinking water applications were evaluated for their performance in scenarios mimicking a ballast water treatment application (e.g., diverse hold times, temperatures, and salinities). Parameters chosen for testing these technologies in the past do not reflect conditions expected during ballast water treatment. Salinity, temperature, and oxidant concentration all influenced the response of amperometric sensors. Oxidation reduction potential (ORP) sensors performed more consistently than amperometric sensors under different conditions but it may be difficult to correlate ORP and TRO measurements for the multitude of biogeochemical conditions found naturally in ballast water. N,N-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine (DPD) analyzers and amperometric sensors were also tested under intermittent sampling conditions mimicking a ballasting scenario, with cyclical dosage and discharge operations. When sampling was intermittent, amperometric sensors required excessive response and conditioning times, whereas DPD analyzers provided reasonable estimates of TRO under the ballasting scenario.

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