Victory, Roosevelt’s Synthesis, and the Postwar World, 1944–1945

2020 ◽  
pp. 197-238
Author(s):  
David F. Schmitz
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
United Nations ◽  
New Hampshire ◽  
International Monetary Fund ◽  
Postwar Period ◽  
World War ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
Last Stage ◽  
The International Monetary Fund

The success of the D-Day landing on June 6, 1944 began the last stage of World War II that culminated in victory in Europe in May 1945 and Asia in August 1945. While Roosevelt did not live to see the final victories, his actions in 1944 and early 1945 shaped much of the postwar period. The month after the landings at Normandy beach, forty-four nations met at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire where they established the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank for Reconstruction and Development. In August, delegates from around the world gathered at the Dumbarton Oaks Conference in Washington to begin the establishment of the United Nations. In February, 1945, the Big Three met again at Yalta to plan for the end of the war, occupation of Germany, and postwar peace.

THE INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND (IMF) IN THE INTERNATIONAL ECONOMY

2006 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-170
Author(s):  
Ana Vizjak
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
International Monetary Fund ◽  
Financial Institution ◽  
World Order ◽  
World War ◽  
Monetary System ◽  
The World ◽  
Military Victory ◽  
The Military ◽  
The International Monetary Fund

During the second half of World War II, when the military victory of the Allies could already be discerned, the leading world economists of the time initiated the creation of a new economic world order. At the highest levels of the allied coalition action was taken to arrange a summit meeting which would endeavour to provide answers to a number of issues relating to creating a new world monetary system. Following numerous contacts, the coalition’s leading figures met in the small town of Bretton Woods, USA. Two strategies of the future economic world order were presented at the meeting, and after tumultuous negotiations, the modified (harmonised) strategy of the world−known economist Keynes was accepted. With the support of all present, the World Bank was established as the most important financial institution, with the aim of monitoring the new financial world order. Also established was a financial organisation called the International Monetary Fund (IMF) as a part of the new system.

Who Was “Hitler” Before Hitler? Historical Analogies and the Struggle to Understand Nazism, 1930–1945

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-281
Author(s):  
Gavriel D. Rosenfeld
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Postwar Period ◽  
Diverse Group ◽  
Turn Of The Millennium ◽  
World War ◽  
Ongoing Debate ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Historical Analogy ◽  
Nazi Era

AbstractSince the turn of the millennium, major political figures around the world have been routinely compared to Adolf Hitler. These comparisons have increasingly been investigated by scholars, who have sought to explain their origins and assess their legitimacy. This article sheds light on this ongoing debate by examining an earlier, but strikingly similar, discussion that transpired during the Nazi era itself. Whereas commentators today argue about whether Hitler should be used as a historical analogy, observers in the 1930s and 1940s debated which historical analogies should be used to explain Hitler. During this period, Anglophone and German writers identified a diverse group of historical villains who, they believed, explained the Nazi threat. The figures spanned a wide range of tyrants, revolutionaries, and conquerors. But, by the end of World War II, the revelation of the Nazis' unprecedented crimes exposed these analogies as insufficient and led many commentators to flee from secular history to religious mythology. In the process, they identified Hitler as Western civilization's new archetype of evil and turned him into a hegemonic analogy for the postwar period. By explaining how earlier analogies struggled to make sense of Hitler, we can better understand whether Hitler analogies today are helping or hindering our effort to understand contemporary political challenges.

Regulation and Governance of Market Infrastructure: Global Perspective

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruben Lee
Keyword(s):  
International Monetary Fund ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
Regulatory Regime ◽  
Securities Markets ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
Central Counterparties ◽  
Market Infrastructure ◽  
The International Monetary Fund ◽  
Central Securities Depositories

This chapter examines a unique set of assessments of securities markets and their regulation, from countries around the world, in order to provide a global perspective on policymakers' viewpoints about the regulation and governance of market infrastructure institutions. The assessments were undertaken as part of an initiative called the Financial Sector Assessment Program (FSAP), implemented jointly by the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. Each assessment evaluates the extent to which a country's securities markets regulatory regime reflects internationally recognized standards. The assessments prepared for the FSAP since its inception in 1999 up until 2006 are analyzed. Together they provide insights on three topics: how exchanges, central counterparties, and central securities depositories are regulated and governed globally; official perceptions on the optimal way of regulating markets and market infrastructure institutions; and the assumptions that are often made when examining the governance and regulation of market infrastructure institutions.

scholarly journals BECKER AND THE DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION

2015 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald Lee
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
World War ◽  
Rapid Population Growth ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
Gary Becker ◽  
The World ◽  
Mass Starvation ◽  
Paul Ehrlich

It was a different era when Gary Becker did his groundbreaking work on the economics of fertility, during the years from the late 1950 through the early 1990s. There was great concern then about the “population explosion” due to sustained high fertility in the developing world after mortality declined following World War II. In 1968, Paul Ehrlich published “The Population Bomb” predicting disaster and mass starvation due to rapid population growth: “The battle to feed all of humanity is over. In the 1970s, the world will undergo famines – hundreds of millions of people are going to starve to death. . . .” Robert McNamara, then the President of the World Bank, in 1984 said “Short of thermonuclear war itself, population growth is the gravest issue the world faces over the decades immediately ahead. If we do not act, the problem will be solved by famine, riots, insurrection and war.”

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