Pandangan Hukum Islam terhadap Status Muflis (Debitur Pailit) sebagai Gharimin (Mustahik Zakat)

The development of sharia economy in Indonesia is increasing. Islamic economic development can be seen from the development of Islamic financial institutions and the Islamic financial instruments they offer, ranging from Islamic banks, Islamic capital markets, and Islamic insurance. With these developments, nowadays financing activities with sharia contracts are increasing and growing rapidly. However, only a few can pay it off. In other words, non-performing financing or bad loans at Islamic financial institutions often occur. Non-performing financing caused by the inability of the customer as a debtor to pay debts to a financial institution as a creditor resulted in the customer being bankrupted by the financial institution as a creditor. Bankruptcy is defined as the inability of the debtor or debtor (can be a person, legal entity, company) which is proven based on a court decision that the debtor has stopped paying his debts (unable to pay off debts) which results in general confiscation of his assets, so that the debtor is no longer entitled to manage his assets. . If it is associated with zakat, one of the ashnaf of zakat is gharimin or people who are in debt. Zakat institutions in Indonesia have not made bankrupt customers as gharimin who are entitled to receive zakat. The formulation of the problem in this paper is to find out the views of Islamic law on the status of bankrupt debtors as gharimin. The conclusion is that the status of a bankrupt debtor can be determined as a gharimin who is entitled to receive zakat. The use of debt in question can be for personal or public interest. The distribution pattern can use the qardh hasan pattern where the zakat given to the gharimin is not to be owned but to be returned again. The zakat funds are not only used to pay off debts, they can also be used as initial capital for bankrupt debtors to restart their business. Keywords: bankrupt debtor, gharimin, zakat mustahik.

Savings Level Determinants and Sustainability of Commercial Banks in Rwanda: A Case of I&M Bank Rwanda

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of savings level determinant on sustainability in I&M Rwanda. The specific objectives were to establish the effect of interest rate, income level and access to credit on the sustainability of I&M Bank. This study implemented a descriptive research design and utilized coefficient of correlation to assess the effect of each specific objective on the sustainability of the Bank. The population comprised of 12,057 including 12,050 customers and 7 staff of finance department of I&M Bank Rwanda. A sample size of 99 was calculated using Yamane (1967) simplified formula. To accomplish this aim, both primary and secondary data are used. The researcher used simple random and purposive sampling techniques. A questionnaire and interview have used to collect data. Quantitative data was obtained using questionnaire while a financial statement of I&M Bank covering 2016-2020 was used as secondary data. Descriptive and inferential statistical analysis showing mean, standard deviation, correlation and regression was used statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26.0 to analyze statistical information while content analysis used to analyze qualitative information. The findings and recommendations for this study addressed to the I & M Bank Rwanda, for decision-making and policies. The study found that interest rates, income level and access to credit have significant positive effect on sustainability of commercial banks in Rwanda at 78%, 90.5% and 92.9% respectively. The relationship among saving level determinants and sustainability of business bank was also determined to be linear with increase in get admission to credit score by means of clients. The researcher concluded that saving degree and get admission to credit volatility had more effect on sustainability of banks. The study endorsed that guideline to be installed vicinity to boom financial institution lending and ensure monitoring the same. Keywords: Savings Level Determinant, Sustainability, Commercial Banks, I&M Bank, Rwanda

Optimal Asset Allocation Subject to Withdrawal Risk and Solvency Constraints

This paper investigates the optimal asset allocation of a financial institution whose customers are free to withdraw their capital-guaranteed financial contracts at any time. In accounting for the asset-liability mismatch risk of the institution, we present a general utility optimization problem in a discrete-time setting and provide a dynamic programming principle for the optimal investment strategies. Furthermore, we consider an explicit context, including liquidity risk, interest rate, and credit intensity fluctuations, and show by numerical results that the optimal strategy improves both the solvency and asset returns of the institution compared to a standard institutional investor’s asset allocation.

Bank switching of US small businesses: new methods and evidence

Despite being informationally opaque, small firms often switch from their primary financial institution to transactional lenders, with the relationship banking theory invoking the holdup problem as a culprit explanation. Using US evidence and an estimation strategy that overcomes traditional shortcomings in small business research, our study captures the determinants and, for the first time, the ex post effects of the switching decision. We find that switching is less likely when the primary financial institution is a nearby bank associated with quality services and connected to the firm via other business or social relationships. Small firms become more loyal as they grow in size and pursue nonmortgage credit. Outside the primary relationship, both loan approval and borrowing cost are adversely impacted, however loan maturities are longer. Moreover, the likelihood of pledging collateral remains unaffected, provided that the type of collateral is least sensitive to the borrower’s information environment. Jointly, our findings describe a trade-off inconsistent with the holdup problem, and an opportunity for banks to enhance customer loyalty by improving aspects of the relationship unrelated to the terms of credit.

Does transformational leadership, empowerment, and work ethic effect on job enrichment and employee performance?

This study aims to prove and analyze the effect of transformational leadership, empowerment, work ethic on job enrichment and employee performance. The object and location of this research is the Village Credit Institution (LPD) as a financial institution owned by Pakraman Village in 9 districts/cities in Bali. The sampling technique is based on the proportionate random sampling method, which is taking samples from each LPD area of ??the Traditional Village randomly and proportionally, because the population members are homogeneous. The size of the sample is 300 people. Based on the results of the analysis and hypothesis testing that have been carried out, the results of this study indicate that of the 7 hypotheses proposed, all of them are proven true or supported by empirical facts, which predict a significant direct effect between transformational leadership factors, empowerment, work ethic and employee performance.

Financial inclusion and gender-induced poverty in Nigeria

The goal of this study was to see how financial inclusion affects gender-based poverty in Nigeria. Commercial bank branches, deposits, and borrowers were the proxy for financial inclusion. The poverty index was used to measure poverty reduction. The World Development Indicator (WDI) and the CBN Statistical Bulletin 2021 provided the data for this study. Finally, the study included the years 2002 to 2019. Financial inclusion reduces household poverty in Nigeria, according to the study, which used a VAR estimate. The coefficients of commercial bank branches and commercial bank deposits were (-0.004) and (-0.008), respectively, indicating that they had a negative influence on poverty reduction. Furthermore, the study discovered that having access to credit through a financial institution was crucial in lowering poverty in Nigeria over the study period. As a result, the report recommends that steps to promote the rule of law, particularly contract enforcement and financial regulatory inspection, be implemented, resulting in more financial inclusion and a reduction in poverty and income gaps, particularly between men and women. The benefits of financial inclusion must be made more widely known, particularly in rural regions, through promoting financial literacy among the poor through education, advertising, and traditional institutions.

Possibilities of Social Bonds Using to Finance Higher Education Institutions

In many countries, funding for higher education institutions is insufficient and requires the search for new financial instruments and financing models. One such financing model could be the issuance of social impact bonds aimed at improving the efficiency of higher education institutions. The study focuses on the use of financial instruments as social bonds for additional funding of higher education institutions. The peculiarities of social bonds and the possibilities of their application in the field of higher education are explored in the paper. The results of the study comprise three proposed innovative approaches to the development of a mechanism for the issuance of bonds. The first approach assumes that the issuer of social bonds in favour of the university is a bank or other financial institution. The second approach is based on the methodology of issuing social bonds by a university with the participation of the state. The third approach to the use of social bonds is the creation of a platform for financing long-term educational programs; it can be done with the participation of a large company implementing large-scale socio-economic projects. Such platform will have a great social and economic effect.

Role and Trend of Agricultural Finance Institutions in the Inclusive Growth of Farmers in Rural India

Purpose: The study is to evaluate the development of agricultural credit in India, exploration of the agricultural development and also to examine the various policies implemented by the Government of India. The paper emphasizes on the development in agriculture finances, new methods, techniques and technologies with a focus on how they lead to improved agricultural growth and greater financial inclusion. Design/Methodology/Approach: The study is grounded on secondary data compiled from different journals, web sites and related information from newspapers, annual reports of NABARD and RBI. Findings: The study has discovered that, informal credit has decreased as a percentage of total debt, while institutional credit to agriculture has exaggerated over time as a result of institutional agencies volunteering into rural areas, nationalization of foremost commercial banks and the establishment of regional rural banks through Reserve Bank of India initiatives. Originality/Value: This study is unusual in that it attempts to trace the agricultural financial institution in India, as well as the numerous agricultural policies that have been enacted as a result of agricultural finance. Paper Type: Case Study

Performa modal Bank Syariah di tengah pandemi covid-19

Capital is a very important function in overcoming risks that may occur in the Banking Industry. A bank is said to be healthy if a bank has sufficient capital despite possible risks. To see that a bank is healthy, capital indicators are also the most important measurement, namely through the capital adequacy ratio or Capital Asset Ratio (CAR). Things that can affect the size of the capital adequacy ratio can occur due to internal and external factors. Internal factors originating from the banking industry itself, such as profitability, asset quality, company size and liquidity. Meanwhile, external factors come from outside the company such as the macroeconomic condition of a country. The Covid-19 pandemic is one of the impacts that causes the economic condition of a country to weaken which impacts on investment. So this study aims to see how much the ability of Islamic banks in the midst of the Covid-19 Pandemic which began to occur in Indonesia from February 2020 to the end of 2020. And the factors that influence the capital adequacy ratio's size. The findings of this research show that during the Covid-19 pandemic, Islamic banking was able to show its performance as an ever-growing Islamic financial institution seen from the data on the development of assets and growth in deposits. Islamic banking CAR for the period of 2020 remains at a fairly strong level despite the covid-19 pandemic. Meanwhile, one of the internal factors that influence CAR is Return On Assets (ROA) with a significance value of 0.005.