The Scholastic Logic of Statistical Hypotheses

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-82
Author(s):  
Miroslav Hanke ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Logical Necessity ◽  
Council Of Trent ◽  
Logical Implication ◽  
Statistical Hypotheses ◽  
Moral Necessity ◽  
Moral Implication

Among the important conceptual innovations introduced in the second scholasticism era and motivated by theological debates following the Council of Trent were the theories of moral necessity and moral implication. As they were centred upon a view of moral necessity as a form of necessity weaker than physical (and, ipso facto, metaphysical and logical) necessity, and moral implication as weaker than physical (and, ipso facto, metaphysical and logical) implication, some interpretations of moral necessity encouraged the logic of statistical hypotheses and probability. Three branches of this debate are studied in this paper: the explanation of moral necessity in terms of suppositio (Vega, Molina, Hurtado, Sforza Pallavicino), the confrontation over the interpretation of moral necessity (Quirós, Herrera), and the theory of statistical quantification (Elizalde, Terill, de Benedictis).

The Probabilistic Logic of Eusebius Amort (1692-1775)

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miroslav Hanke*
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Scientific Revolution ◽  
Moral Theology ◽  
Probabilistic Logic ◽  
Epistemic Probability ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Moral Necessity ◽  
Scholastic Philosophy ◽  
Moral Implication

Abstract While classical sources including Aristotle, Cicero and Boëthius addressed different notions of probability, medieval contributions to probability (other than epistemic probability) seem rather scarce. The situation changes during the Second Scholasticism with the post-Tridentine debates on “probable opinion” in moral theology and the introduction of “moral necessity” and “moral implication” (tied to the ideas of frequency, stochastic processes, and propensity) in the debates on compatibilism and theological optimism. The eighteenth-century transformation of scholastic philosophy was marked, among other characteristics, by a gravitation towards the early modern scientific revolution. In his Philosophia Pollingana ad normam Burgundicae, the renowned moral theologian Eusebius Amort (1692-1775) addressed the basic issues of probabilistic logic from the philosophical, logical, and mathematical points of view in an attempt to synthesise earlier scholastic conceptual analyses of probability and probabilistic epistemic logic with the cutting-edge mathematical calculus introduced by Jacob Bernoulli.

Global tolerance and its impact on peace

2019 ◽  
pp. 247-284
Author(s):  
م.د.فاتن محمد رزاق
Keyword(s):  
Islamic Law ◽  
Mutual Recognition ◽  
International Community ◽  
World Peace ◽  
Clash Of Civilizations ◽  
Democracy And Education ◽  
Moral Necessity ◽  
International Identity ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact

The concept of tolerance is gaining its importance in the midst of an international society suffering from violence, wars and internal and international crises. It is practiced by extremist and extremist forces and movements acting in the name of religion to exclude the different Muslim and non-Muslim people according to the unethical practices and methodologies of Islamic law and reality. , Cultural, civilization .. that distinguish our world today. The society today is suffering from the ideas of the intellectual and aesthetic views of the different ideologically, ethnically, culturally and religiously in the world of the South. This is what the end-of-history thesis of Fukuyama and the clash of civilizations represented to Huntington. Therefore, it is necessary to confront these extremist and extremist ideas and behaviors. Peace, security and freedom in the international community of justice and equality, needs to be addressed intellectual, cultural, moral and political before they are legal, these treatments are based on dialogue and cooperation and trust and respect and mutual recognition and tolerance so we find the importance of tolerance to The international community is concerned about the need for mechanisms that confront terrorism and violence with an ideology based on respect for the right of diversity, diversity and pluralism. Accordingly, tolerance is a political, cultural and moral necessity based on international legal foundations represented by the United Nations. Through its conferences, declarations and international resolutions issued by it and its specialized agencies, culminating in the Universal Declaration of Tolerance and the International Day of International Peace, and the political foundations represented by democracy and global citizenship that respects all identities and seeks to respect the rights of other identities under the umbrella of international identity Nsanhuahdh respects everyone, a society with a humanitarian goal of a global civil and Ahdlaaaraf borders and the identity of certain Qomahdolh, cultural and educational foundations through plans and programs with educational encourage a spirit of tolerance and world peace. The study was divided into three topics: the first dealt with the concept of tolerance and world peace, and the second topic dealt with the impact of international law and citizenship. In the promotion of world peace "as one of the elements of global tolerance. The last topic included" the role of democracy and education education "in the promotion of world peace and concluded the study by conclusion.

Essentialism and Logical Consequence

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosanna Keefe ◽  
Jessica Leech
Keyword(s):  
Logical Consequence ◽  
Prima Facie ◽  
Logical Pluralism ◽  
Logical Necessity ◽  
Popular View

According to an increasingly popular view, the source of logical necessity is to be found in the essences of logical entities. One might be tempted to extend the view further in using it to tackle fundamental questions surrounding logical consequence. This chapter enquires: how does a view according to which the facts about logical consequence are determined by the essences of logical entities look in detail? Are there any more or less obvious problems arising for such a view? The chapter uncovers a prima facie result in favour of logical pluralism. However, it then goes on to raise some concerns for this result. It argues that, considered generally, it is difficult to see how essence could do all of the requisite work alone. The chapter also shows how considering things from the perspective of disputes between particular rival logics makes an interesting and important difference to the picture of things presented by the essentialist account.

On the action of the implicative closure operator on the set of partial functions of the multivalued logic

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 155-164
Author(s):  
Sergey S. Marchenkov
Keyword(s):  
Closure Operator ◽  
Multivalued Logic ◽  
Partial Functions ◽  
Logical Implication

Abstract On the set P k ∗ $\begin{array}{} \displaystyle P_k^* \end{array}$ of partial functions of the k-valued logic, we consider the implicative closure operator, which is the extension of the parametric closure operator via the logical implication. It is proved that, for any k ⩾ 2, the number of implicative closed classes in P k ∗ $\begin{array}{} \displaystyle P_k^* \end{array}$ is finite. For any k ⩾ 2, in P k ∗ $\begin{array}{} \displaystyle P_k^* \end{array}$ two series of implicative closed classes are defined. We show that these two series exhaust all implicative precomplete classes. We also identify all 8 atoms of the lattice of implicative closed classes in P 3 ∗ $\begin{array}{} \displaystyle P_3^* \end{array}$ .

Alfonso de Castro on Vernacular Bible Translation and Christian Education

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-84
Author(s):  
Dries De Crom
Keyword(s):  
Christian Education ◽  
Liberal Arts ◽  
Biblical Interpretation ◽  
Traditional Education ◽  
Council Of Trent ◽  
Spanish Colonial ◽  
Bible Translation ◽  
The Right

AbstractAlfonso de Castro (1495–1558) is known as a staunch opponent of vernacular Bible translation, who intervened on the matter at the Council of Trent. This article offers a fresh appreciation of Castro’s polemics against vernacular bibles, in light of a less well-known treatise in which Castro defends the right of the indigenous Spanish colonial population to be educated in the liberal arts and theology. It is argued that at the root of Castro’s misgivings about Bible translation is a concern for preserving traditional education as a necessary prerequisite for biblical interpretation.

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