Periods of consecutive days with heavy rain of high intensity are common in the red soil region of China, increasing unpredictable risks of soil erosion and non-point source pollution on sloping orchards. Grass cover, as a type of vegetation management, is useful for controlling soil erosion and pollution. However, the potential of different kinds of groundcover plants in combating soil erosion and non-point source pollution remains unclear under the rainfall conditions in this region of China. This study included 7 d of simulated rainfall applied to a set of six treatments: Bare soil control, natural grass, and four groundcover treatments, Trifolium repens, T. repens, and Lolium perenne, Vicia sativa and Festuca elata, Medicago polymorpha, and Cynodon dactylon. The effects of the treatments on runoff volume, and soil, nitrogen, and phosphorus losses were evaluated. The results indicated that greater soil erosion and non-point source pollution occurred over the first 3d of daily 1-h simulated rainfall events. Also, the beneficial effects of the groundcover plants were greater earlier in the 7-d period of daily heavy rain, particularly in reducing runoff and nitrogen loss on the second and third day. Compared with bare soil, all the groundcovers showed a reduction effect in varying degrees, among which T. repens treatment was more effective. T. repens treatment showed an overall reduction in runoff and soil loss by 25.5% and 91.5%, respectively, and total nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus loss by 25.5%, 74.6%, 90.7%, and 81.8%, respectively. These findings indicated that single planting of perennial pasture T. repens with short stems is an effective management option to limit soil erosion and non-point source pollution in sloping citrus orchards of southern China.
Effect of Groundcovers on Reducing Soil Erosion and Non-Point Source Pollution in Citrus Orchards on Red Soil Under Frequent Heavy Rainfall
