The Anglosphere and the American Embrace: The End of the British Empire and After

2019 ◽  
pp. 120-132
Author(s):  
Carl Bridge ◽  
Bart Zielinski
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
British Empire ◽  
World Trade ◽  
The United States ◽  
Western World ◽  
Post Cold War ◽  
American Hegemony ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Security Structure

In 1919 and 1945, an English-speaking alliance had a seeming solidity born of victory. In the inter-war period, a British-led Anglosphere continued and even increased trading connections in times of crisis and remained a defence unit, while the Americans went into isolation, which was broken up by another war. After 1945, American hegemony of the Anglosphere, and the rest of the Western world, was a given and trumped the British Empire. This led to NATO, as the British imperial element of this ‘Anglo’ order was undergoing change. Australia and New Zealand could not join NATO, while Canada did, and formed ANZUS with the United States and without Britain. Trade divergence ensued, as Britain joined the EEC and the former Dominions went separate ways embedded in their regions. In the post-Cold War era, the Anglosphere remains one of the cornerstones of a global security structure, whereas, ominous for Brexit, in the important area of world trade, the Anglosphere has no relevance.

scholarly journals Greater female first author citation advantages do not associate with reduced or reducing gender disparities in academia

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 1283-1297
Author(s):  
Mike Thelwall ◽  
Pardeep Sud
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
The United States ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Science Technology ◽  
Small Fields ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Author Citation ◽  
And Mathematics ◽  
Weak Tendency

Ongoing problems attracting women into many Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) subjects have many potential explanations. This article investigates whether the possible undercitation of women associates with lower proportions of, or increases in, women in a subject. It uses six million articles published in 1996–2012 across up to 331 fields in six mainly English-speaking countries: Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States. The proportion of female first- and last-authored articles in each year was calculated and 4,968 regressions were run to detect first-author gender advantages in field normalized article citations. The proportion of female first authors in each field correlated highly between countries and the female first-author citation advantages derived from the regressions correlated moderately to strongly between countries, so both are relatively field specific. There was a weak tendency in the United States and New Zealand for female citation advantages to be stronger in fields with fewer women, after excluding small fields, but there was no other association evidence. There was no evidence of female citation advantages or disadvantages to be a cause or effect of changes in the proportions of women in a field for any country. Inappropriate uses of career-level citations are a likelier source of gender inequities.

scholarly journals The Spanish and Portuguese Keyboards, the Best Options to Type in all Romance Languages for US-QWERTY Users

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrique Miguel Tébar Martínez
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Africa ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
The United States ◽  
Manual Dexterity ◽  
Romance Languages ◽  
European Languages ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Western European ◽  
Keyboard Layout

While adequate for English-speaking users in the United States, as well as many Commonwealth countries and other English-speaking jurisdictions (e.g., Canada, Australia, New Zealand or South Africa among others), typing in Romance Languages (Spanish, French, Portuguese and Italian) by using a standard US-QWERTY Keyboard is not easy since it is not adapted to special characters such as accented vowels, tildes and cedillas or ligatures, used in Romance Languages. With regard to the International Layout, intended to enable access to the most common diacritics used in Western European Languages, the problem comes from the fact that accented vowels are spread throughout the Keyboard layout, and their uppercase versions need chord combinations which can require good manual dexterity. This paper will analyze how the Spanish or Portuguese Keyboards are the best options for these users since they are QWERTY-based and the most compatible ones for the different character sets in Spanish, French, Portuguese and Italian Languages.

Terorisme: Perspektif Barat dan Islam

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 31-38
Author(s):  
Mohd. Hefzan ◽  
Fitria Fitria
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
World Trade ◽  
World Trade Center ◽  
The United States ◽  
September 11 ◽  
Western World ◽  
The West ◽  
The World ◽  
Trade Center

The issue of terrorism has tapped the border of human civilization. The West has a viewon terrorism following their own perceptions. Now the Western world is afraid of theirown shadows after the entry into force of the events of September 11, 2001 which haveembodied the World Trade Center (WTC) in New York. This black event has reallyshocked the Western world which so far they are proud that the United States is thegreat power of the world, has now been attacked so extreme. The problem that arisesnow in the Islamic world is that the West has misinterpreted what is said to be jihad.The enemy of Islam has labeled terrorism as a jihad in Islam, this is how the West triesto put Islam as a ferocious religion. The term jihad is what terrorism says for the West.In Islamic teachings jihad cases are something that is highly demanded and has nodirect connection with terrorism activities.

scholarly journals Southern Criminology, Law and the ‘Right’ to Consular Notification in Australia, New Zealand and the United States

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 100-114
Author(s):  
Sally Kennedy ◽  
Ian Warren
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vienna Convention ◽  
Legal Requirements ◽  
The Us ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Legal Arguments ◽  
The Right ◽  
Justice Practice

This paper investigates the implementation of Article 36 of the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations in Australia, New Zealand and the United States (US) by using a Southern approach to examining law. We describe the incorporation of Article 36 from a defendant-centred perspective under Australian and New Zealand laws governing police procedure, and the commensurate jurisdictional tensions it has generated in the US. We then empirically analyse 16 non-capital US cases to identify the type of offence, the nationality and perceived English-speaking competency of the foreign suspect, and the point at which the alleged Article 36 violation is canvassed in legal arguments. This analysis highlights the importance of a defendant-centred Southern criminology of law in critically assessing the implementation of international legal requirements into domestic criminal justice practice.

Australia, New Zealand, and the United States since World War II

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Bell
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Cold War ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
The United States ◽  
World War ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
American Hegemony ◽  
East And Southeast Asia ◽  
Rise Of China

The war against Japan (1941–1945) gave rise to a uniquely enduring alliance between the United States, Australia, and New Zealand. Rooted in overlapping geopolitical interests and shared Western traditions, tripartite relationships forged in the struggles against fascism in World War II deepened as Cold War conflicts erupted in East and Southeast Asia. War in Korea drew the three Pacific democracies into a formal alliance, ANZUS. In the aftermath of defeat in Vietnam, however, American hegemony confronted new challenges, regionally and globally. A more fluid geopolitical environment replaced the alliance certainties of the early Cold War. ANZUS splintered but was not permanently broken. Thus the ebb and flow of tripartite relationships from the attack on Pearl Harbor to the first decades of the “Pacific Century” shifted as the “war on terror” and, in a very different way, the “rise of China,” revitalized trilateral cooperation and resuscitated the ANZUS agreement.

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