Unique Lassoing Scene from the Mastaba of Akhmerutnisut at Giza (G 2184)

Author(s):  
Inês Torres

This article analyzes a unique scene from the Giza mastaba of Akhmerutnisut (G 2184), which shows a life-size depiction of the tomb owner holding a rope, ready to throw a lasso. The active participation of the tomb owner in a lassoing scene is unique in the iconographic program of Fifth Dynasty elite tombs. The location of this scene within the mastaba is also unparalleled: it is the first scene on the right (west side) encountered by visitors as they enter the mastaba. To understand this innovative decorative choice, this paper starts by discussing the iconography of lassoing in the Old Kingdom and its meaning in the elite tombs of the same period. The second part of this paper analyzes Akhmerutnisut’s lassoing scene with an analytical framework drawn from visual and material culture studies and focusing on the concepts of monumentality, identity and agency. This study provides a number of possible explanations—none of which are mutually exclusive—to understand why Akhmerutnisut had himself depicted as a monumental lassoer by the entrance of his funerary complex, highlighting the importance of visitor experience and participation in the design of the funerary complexes of the Old Kingdom elite.

Author(s):  
Kristen B. Neuschel

This book sharpens the readers' knowledge of swords as it traverses through a captivating 1,000 years of French and English history. The book reveals that warrior culture, with the sword as its ultimate symbol, was deeply rooted in ritual long before the introduction of gunpowder weapons transformed the battlefield. The book argues that objects have agency and that decoding their meaning involves seeing them in motion: bought, sold, exchanged, refurbished, written about, displayed, and used in ceremony. Drawing on evidence about swords in the possession of nobles and royalty, the book explores the meanings people attached to them from the contexts in which they appeared. These environments included other prestige goods such as tapestries, jewels, and tableware — all used to construct and display status. The book draws on an exciting diversity of sources from archaeology, military and social history, literature, and material culture studies to inspire students and educated lay readers to stretch the boundaries of what they know as the “war and culture” genre.


Author(s):  
Rodney Harrison

The focus of this article is stone tools. The history of stone tool research is linked integrally to the history of archaeology and the study of the human past, and many of the early developments in archaeology were connected with the study of stone artefacts. The identification of stone tools as objects of prehistoric human manufacture was central to the development of nineteenth-century models of prehistoric change, and especially the Three Age system for Old World prehistory. This article draws on concepts derived from interdisciplinary material culture studies to consider the role of the artefact after being discarded. It suggests that it is impossible to understand the meaning or efficacy of stone tools without understanding their ‘afterlives’ following abandonment. This article aims to complement contemporary metrical studies of the identification of stone tools and the description of their production. A brief history of the stone tools is explained and this concludes the article.


2009 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Alberti ◽  
Tamara L. Bray

In the early days of anthropology, indigenous concepts of animating essences and the cross-cutting nature of the life-force, expressed in such terms as hau and mana, were front and centre in the ethnographic literature (e.g. Mauss 1954; 1975; Malinowski 1922; 1936; 1948). Branded as ‘mystical’, ‘primitive’ and ‘unscientific’ for more than a generation, however, such potentially key conceptual sites of alterity have only recently begun to be revisited and recuperated within anthropology and in other fields such as material culture studies and cognitive sciences. The articles in this special issue of CAJ consider what archaeology might contribute to the general theoretical discussion on animism and alternative ontologies. As a set, they offer a diversity of perspectives on how the recognition of animism as a prevalent theme within contemporary indigenous worlds can affect archaeological analysis and interpretation. They also offer ideas about how attending to the significance of such concepts may provide new analytical purchase on alternative ontologies and ways of constructing, dissolving, or transforming traditional dichotomies that continue to powerfully shape our worlds.


Buddhism ◽  
2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Kieschnick

The study of material culture belongs to a relatively young discipline that examines artifacts as well as ideas about, and practices related to, artifacts, with artifacts defined as material objects created or modified by people. Aspects of research in material culture overlap with art history, archaeology, and anthropology, but studies in material culture approach the subject from a different perspective, focusing on areas not necessarily emphasized in these disciplines. Unlike traditional art history, material culture studies concentrate on the function of objects, devoting little attention to their aesthetic qualities, with more emphasis, for instance, on miracles associated with icons than on the style or iconography of icons; unlike traditional archaeology, material culture studies do not necessarily focus on extant artifacts, giving as much attention to references to objects in texts as to extant objects; and, unlike traditional anthropology, material culture studies often give great emphasis to historical development, often over vast expanses of time. While the field of material culture studies has flourished for decades, religious studies have been slow to recognize the importance of material things. Many areas of religion in which material culture plays a prominent role remain largely unexplored, including the place of objects in ritual, religious emotion, pilgrimage, and doctrine. Readers interested in the material culture of Buddhism will want to consult entries for Buddhist art, archaeology, and anthropology as well; in the entries below, the focus is on areas of material culture not necessarily emphasized in these disciplines as well as on studies within these disciplines that are especially relevant to the study of material culture. The term visual culture overlaps with much of what is considered material culture, but excludes objects associated with other senses, such as taste, smell, and touch, which are covered by the term material culture. The material culture approach is particularly well suited for exploring the qualities of particular classes of objects. What is it about relics as body parts that accounts for their appeal? Why are miracles so often associated with physical representations of holy figures and how do these differ from textual representations? How do clothing and food differ from language as a medium of communication? To highlight this aspect of research in Buddhist material culture, the scholarship listed below is divided according to type of object. At the same time, material culture studies also offer an opportunity to examine attitudes toward the material world as applied to a wide variety of objects normally separated by discipline. The doctrine of merit inspired the creation of a wide variety of different types of objects, and the monastic ideal of renunciation permeates many different areas of Buddhist material culture.


2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Octave Debary

Le peu, l’altéré, le n’importe quoi, le rien… que contiennent tous ces restes ? Au bord de l’oubli comme de la disparition, les restes sont souvent marqués par la disqualification sociale, par le rejet ou la mise au ban de la société (Douglas 1966). C’est au passage de ces seuils que l’anthropologie tente de comprendre leur valeur. Marcel Mauss (1931) en fera une règle heuristique en invitant les ethnographes à collecter les objets déchus, tous révélateurs de la richesse d’un temps quotidien, ordinaire, en train de passer. On peut regarder une société à partir de ce qu’elle dévalorise et rejette, s’attacher davantage à «une boîte de conserve qu’à son bijou le plus somptueux » ; « en fouillant un tas d’ordures, on peut comprendre toute la vie d’une société » (8-9). L’anthropologie s’est toujours intéressée aux objets, faisant de leur collecte, de leur conservation et de leur exposition un complément à son discours. Elle s’est ainsi exposée à travers les vitrines de ses musées, véritables théâtres d’objets et de mise en scène des cultures. A la fin du XXe siècle, cet intérêt pour la culture matérielle s’est prolongé par le développement des Material Culture Studies, Museum Studies puis par l’anthropologie des sciences et des techniques. Mais l’objet comme reste, objet de l’entre-deux, incertain et instable, n’est pas devenu un thème de prédilection de la discipline. Les penseurs qui l’ont abordé se trouvent à ses marges, comme Pierre Sansot (2009) ou Giorgio Agamben (1999), voire dans l’indiscipline, comme Georges Bataille (1949). Le premier voit dans les petits restes du quotidien (reliefs d’un repas, objets de son enfance ou de vide-greniers…), autant d’inachèvements qui marquent notre finitude et qu’il convient de célébrer. Le second fait du reste une part inaliénable de la condition humaine et de la possibilité d’en témoigner –même après Auschwitz. Quant à Bataille, il fait de la destruction (glorieuse ou catastrophique) des surplus de richesses d’une société (ses restes non consommés, sa part maudite ou sacrée) la condition de son unité. L’anthropologie, elle, se tourne davantage vers l’analyse des différentes formes de requalification des restes. Elle étudie la manière dont un collectif reconduit leur existence en suivant leur trajectoire, leur carrière ou leur biographie. Comment, par différentes opérations de requalification sociale, ils retrouvent une nouvelle valeur, un nouvel avenir, une alternative à leur perte. De la poubelle au musée, ces différents arts d’accommoder les restes ont donné lieu à des recherches consacrées aux déchets (Thompson 1979 ; Rathje, Murphy 1992). Au début des années 1970, l’anthropologue William Rathje développe le Garbage Project à Tucson (Arizona) avant de l’étendre à d’autres villes américaines pendant plus de 20 ans. En s’appuyant sur la valeur biographique et archivistique des déchets, il montre que leur étude permet de comprendre les modes de vie des consommateurs. Dans cette économie du rejet quotidien, les poubelles comme les décharges sont traitées comme des « lieux de mémoire » propices à une archéologie du social. Ces recherches ont été menées en allant recueillir directement les sacs d’ordures chez les gens ou en fouillant des décharges. Leur étude (classement, inventaire) vise à comprendre l’articulation entre ce qui est rejeté et les représentations des pratiques de consommation. On trouve également des études qui portent sur les objets de seconde main (Gregson, Crewe 2003 ; Gabel et al. 2012), l’art, le patrimoine, la mémoire ou les musées (Kirshenblatt-Gimblett 1998). Ces analyses insistent sur la notion de valeur comme sur celle de temps : la valeur des restes vient de leur traversée de l’histoire. Une anthropologie des restes permet ainsi de comprendre comment une société traite de son histoire à travers les usages qu’elle réserve à ce qui résiste à la disparition. Le reste renvoie l’identité à son autre en traçant les frontières de ce qui ne relève pas ou plus d’elle. Il soumet l’identité au traitement de son altération. En dépérissant, il énonce le temps qui passe. La question de la discontinuité historique, des différents « régimes d’historicité » (Hartog 2003), peut être abordée au regard du sort réservé aux restes. Ils engagent différentes formes de retraitement ou de recyclage culturel de l’histoire. Au-delà d’une dimension écologique, l’enjeu de ces requalifications s’ouvre à un projet d’anthropologie générale. A partir de l’usage de ces restes, on cherche à comprendre ce qu’en font les communautés qui les conservent (Godelier 1997), les requalifient ou parfois les détruisent. Restes sacrés (de dieux, de choses ou d’hommes) dont les modalités d’existence et de transmission permettent de témoigner d’une culture. Témoignages d'identités, d'humanités, à travers lesquels une société vient rendre compte de son histoire, lui rendre un compte. Signant et signifiant ses peines, comme ses joies, face à la perte de son propre référent : le temps qui passe.


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