Analysing Linguistic Stylistic Devices in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and So Long a Letter: A Comparative Appraisal

This research work focuses on linguistic stylistic analysis of Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Mariama Bâ’s So Long a Letter. It aims to identify the various translation procedures used in each novel in order to establish a comparison between the different translation procedures and style of each translator of modern and old English. A sampling method has been used to carry out this research work. Thus, one extract has been selected with its corresponding translation from the French and English versions of each novel. The results show that, in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, the translator has used predominantly adaptation for his translation representing 32.32% in both selected extracts whereas in So Long a Letter, the translator has adopted predominantly literal translation representing a proportion of 28.48% in order to preserve the sustained register of the source text. However, both translators have also used other translation procedures in lower proportions depending on the context orientation. It has been noted that translation methods such as calque has been used only once whereas borrowing is nonexistent in the selected extracts from both literary works.

A Contrastive Study of Deontic Modality in Parallel Texts

This article is a contrastive study of deontic modal markers in three parallel texts. It analyses the modality system in the English, Russian and French texts of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights accounting for the ambiguity of some English modal verbs in legal texts and the difficulty in rendering them into a different language. The research reveals modal markers used to express deontic permission, deontic obligation and deontic prohibition in the three parallel texts; semantic similarities and discrepancies between these modal markers; and translation strategies employed to render the English modal markers into Russian and French. The article responds to the need for a systematic analysis of deontic modal markers in English, Russian and French due to the semantic and syntactic differences among the German, Romance and Slavic languages. The article concludes that French and Russian have more in common than French and English or Russian and English in terms of the deontic modality.

Increasing Migrants' Work Self-efficacy and Job Search Self-efficacy Perceptions by Developing Career Adaptability

Today's unstable labor market increasingly requires flexibility and adaptability to cope with the threat of unemployment. It can cause distress in people and have a more significant negative impact on fragile workers, such as migrants. This study aimed to test whether a Career Counseling intervention designed for Migrants (CCfM) can develop Career Adaptability and, therefore, both Work Self-efficacy (WSe) and Job Search Self-efficacy (JSSe) perceptions. It was conducted in Italy and involved a sample of 233 migrants, who were asked to respond to a questionnaire available in three languages (Italian, French, and English). Data analysis showed that an improvement was demonstrated in all the variables considered, namely career adaptability (including concern, control, confidence, and curiosity), WSe, and JSSe, even though the CCfM was not directly designed to increase the last one. In addition, the development of career adaptability explained the increase in migrants' WSe and JSSe, and the initial level of career adaptability was found to explain the increase in WSe due to the initial positive level of curiosity.

Sobornost and Totality in Georges Gurvitch's Social Law Doctrine

Georges Gurvitch (1894-1965), from the 1920s to the end of his life, was solving the problem of combining unity and plurality in the justification of society. He believed that individualism and collectivism represented social processes in a limited way because they were based on the preconception that the binding power of law derives respectively from a private or corporate actor's will. Gurvitch contrasted individual law with the social one, which was intended to overcome the opposition between individualism and collectivism. Social law bases on legal sociology's assumption that social interactions as such are already legal relations. This conclusion allows Gurvitch to consider any social interaction as a source of law and to assert legal pluralism as a way of constructing society. The integrity of the latter is a condition for the mutual correlation of the multiplicity of legal regulations generated by internal social interactions into the unified structure of social law. In a holistic approach to comprehending social interactions, Gurvitch, in his Russian-language works in the migr period, uses the philosophical-legal interpretation of sobornost to describe society's integrity. In French- and English-language works from the 1930s, Gurvitch uses the term "totality," which he learned from Marcel Mauss, to describe social integrity. This article compares sobornost and totality as variants of denoting social integrity in Gurvitch's social law doctrine. The researcher determines that Gurvitch, using the concepts of sobornost and totality, interpreted society's development differently, 1) as anti-hierarchical sobornost equality, and 2) as a hierarchical inordination of totalities. Having analyzed the peculiarities of the interpretation of sobornost and totality in Gurvitch's works, the author concludes that these concepts should be considered multilingual equivalents in denoting communal unity as sources of law, which reflect changes in the interpretation of society in Gurvitch's social law doctrine.

The Guides Verbs in the Arabic Language: Are Its Terms Originals or Borrowed?

Grammarists differed about the definition of the verb in the Arabic language, but they were in great agreement in dividing it from different sides. From these sides, we find the division of verbs according to the function of directing, which is the subject of this study. The view of the ancient grammarians to the function was affected by the grammatical direction followed (factor theory, semantics). It was noted in some of what they termed a clear dimension of the function of guidance, and with reference to the global grammar that created entrances between languages, even if the characteristics of languages differed among them, borrowing as a mechanism of linguistic development of the Arabic language has allowed, based on this way, to borrow many terms from Other languages were -sometimes- more compatible than that we find in the Arabic language used, for this reason, the researcher tried to study the guides verbs in the Arabic language; After enumerating them and clarifying their terms in the Arabic language, then comparing them with what is used in the French and English languages; It was found that some of the guides Arabic verbs were labeled with a term that is a sign of this function, and some of them were affected by the factor theory in grammar, so their terms did not express the function of directing, and after compare them with modern Arabic studies ,and also, in English and French, we were able to find an appropriate term to achieve the concept of directing. Therefore, the researcher suggested updating or changing these terms by creating appropriate terms that take advantage of the English and French languages, as well as modern Arabic conventions..

Az afrikai hősepika kutatása a francia nyelvűség területén

In the field of heroic epic research in Africa, the collections, transcripts, translations, and follow-up analyses accompanying the editions of the text were published for the most part in two languages, French and English. In this study, the author takes into account the outstanding achievements of French scholarship.

EXPLORING THE IMPORTANCE OF PLURILINGUAL COMPETENCE IN THE PRE-SERVICE TEACHER TRAINING: A CASE STUDY OF TEACHER TRAINING COLLEGES OF ALGERIA

The present research paper highlights the importance of plurilingual competence to language education in pre-service teacher training at the Teacher Training College of Bouzareah-Algeria-. The study is designed to gain insight into the development of pluringual competence in the pre-service program that is addressed to the students of the departments of French and English. It aims at enhancing the teaching and learning of foreign languages in order to meet the universal requirements related to interculturality and plurilingualism.To achieve the above mentioned aims, the researchers interviewed ENSB teacher trainers to investigate their perceptions towards the teaching of that competence. A qualitative method was then employed by using a semi-structured interview with university teachers of Didactics and Language Studies in order to identify the extent of interest that is assigned to the development of plurilingual competence in the teaching practices as well as the syllabus content‎.

The constraints of translating martial arts fiction

This article comments on the notion of ‘constraint’ by analysing the specific difficulties in the translation of a martial arts (‘wuxia’) novel into French and English. The Legend of the Condor Heroes (射鵰英雄傳, she diao ying xiong zhuan) is the first part of the ‘Condor Trilogy’ (射鵰三部曲, she diao san bu qu), the masterpiece of Chinese writer Jin Yong (金庸). Little known in the West, the novel was recently translated by Anna Holmwood and Wang Jiann-Yuh. This article studies the strategies adopted by each translator to render the cultural specificities of the source context in the target culture. By so doing, it contributes to theoretical debates concerning transfers between two distant literary and cultural systems.