Consolidation, 1689-1775

2012 ◽  
pp. 21-25
Author(s):  
Ralph Davis
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
Sharp Decline ◽  
Industry Growth ◽  
Transatlantic Trade ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Compensatory Increase ◽  
Late Eighteenth

This chapter continues the previous chapter’s overview of British shipping conventions, picking up in 1689 at the turning point of industry growth and continuing into the late eighteenth century. It pays particular attention to the Anglo-French wars between 1689-1713 and the effect they had on shipping growth, resulting in both temporary setbacks and long-term economic depression. It examines the Union of England and Scotland, the sharp decline of Anglo-French trade and the compensatory increase in trade with Portugal, and non-war related declines such as trade with Turkey and the decline of the Newfoundland Fishery. It catalogues the shipping tonnage of major English ports, and contrasts Bristol, Liverpool, and Hull in regard to several aspects of shipping such as the growing slave trade. It concludes with the growth of international and transatlantic trade, and the transformation of British shipping in anticipation of modern shipping technology.

The Transatlantic Slave Trade

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen D. Behrendt
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
North America ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
Transatlantic Slave Trade ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Late Eighteenth

This article reviews scholarship on the transatlantic slave trade. The foundations of a slave trade historiography date to the late eighteenth-century abolition movements in North America, Britain, and France. Before then, occasional voices sounded in protest. The Dominican friar Tomás de Mercado, for example, published in 1569 an anti-slave trade tract based on his observations of slave sales in Seville and of the institution of slavery in Mexico. From 1698 to 1714, 198 pamphlets concerning the Royal African Company's monopoly were published in England. With the founding of the world's first antislavery crusade, antislavery advocates came to predominate among the researchers who were seeking information on the slave trade. Abolitionist energies coalesced in 1787–9 in London with the formation of anti-slave trade committees and the subsequent British parliamentary inquiries. In this three-year period at least twenty-five British, American, and French authors wrote about the slave trade, a total that would not be reached again until the 1970s, when academics organized the first major conferences on Atlantic slaving.

5. Long Waves and Conjunctures of Democratization

2018 ◽  
pp. 67-81
Author(s):  
Dirk Berg-Schlosser
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Long Waves ◽  
Political Equality ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Long Wave ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
The Future ◽  
History Of

This chapter focuses on the history of democratization since the late eighteenth century. It introduces the concepts of ‘waves’ (trends) and ‘conjunctures’ (briefer turmoils) and delineates the major developments in this respect. In this way, the major long-term and short-term factors leading to the emergence and breakdowns of democracies are also highlighted. The first long wave occurred during the period 1776–1914, followed by the first positive conjuncture in 1918–19, the second long wave (with some intermittent turbulences) in 1945–88, and the latest conjuncture in 1989–90. The chapter identifies the main ingredients to democratization throughout history, namely: republicanism, representation, and political equality. It concludes by considering some of the current perspectives and dangers for the future of democracy.

Sierra Leone

2019 ◽  
pp. 138-152
Author(s):  
João José Reis ◽  
Flávio dos Santos Gomes ◽  
Marcus J. M. de Carvalho ◽  
H. Sabrina Gledhill
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Sierra Leone ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
Western Coast ◽  
Royal Navy ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
British Colony ◽  
History Of

After being captured by the Royal Navy brig Water Witch, the Ermelinda is taken to Sierra Leone, a British colony, the history of which is narrated from its foundation by philanthroposts, including the leading abolitionist Granville Sharp, in the late eighteenth century up until Rufino landed there in December 1841. British cruisers deposited scores of liberated Africans there40,000 in the 1830s alone. As a result, Sierra Leone’s population included people of different faiths and ethnicities from all over the western coast of Africa and Mozambique. Anti–slave trade Mixed Commissions were installed in Freetown, where the trial of the Ermelinda was carried out for two months.

Cantatas in Honor of San Gennaro

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 164-199
Author(s):  
Anthony R. Deldonna
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Patron Saint ◽  
Choral Ensembles ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
Kingdom Of Naples ◽  
Poetic Narrative ◽  
Giovanni Paisiello

No saint in the Catholic hagiographic tradition has served as a more vivid symbol of martyrdom, veneration, or of God’s profound grace toward a community than San Gennaro (Saint Januarius), the patron saint of the Kingdom of Naples. This essay studies the history and culture surrounding the veneration of San Gennaro. I focus on the longstanding cultivation of cantatas as a vehicle for veneration and for the promotion of catechism and post-Tridentine ideology. The first part of the essay traces political, social, and religious currents that contributed to the growth of the cult. The second part considers late eighteenth-century cantatas by Giovanni Paisiello and Domenico Cimarosa that were created for the Feast of the Traslazione. These works adopt strategies of poetic narrative and musical expression that reflect thematic elements associated with the annual feast. They also represent a musical turning point, incorporating innovative aria types, a widespread use of accompanied recitative and large choral ensembles, and distinctive instrumental sonorities. The Traslazione cantatas thus offer an opportunity not only to examine contemporary cultural currents in early modern Naples, but also to broaden our understanding of the cantata genre and of two leading operatic innovators of the late eighteenth century.

The London Committee and mobilization of public opinion against the slave trade

1992 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 331-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Oldfield
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Public Opinion ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
Political Life ◽  
House Of Commons ◽  
African Slave ◽  
Grass Roots ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Abolitionist Movement ◽  
Late Eighteenth

AbstractDuring the late eighteenth century organized anti-slavery, in the shape of the campaign to end the African slave trade (1787–1807), became an unavoidable feature of political life in Britain. Drawing on previously unpublished material in the Josiah Wedgwood Papers, the following article seeks to reassess this campaign and, in particular, the part played in it by the (London) Committee for the Abolition of the Slave Trade. So far from being a low-level lobby, as historians like Seymour Drescher have suggested, it is argued here that the Committee's activities, both in terms of opinion-building and arranging for petitions to be sent to the house of commons, were central to the success of the early abolitionist movement. Thus while the provinces and public opinion at the grass roots level were undoubtedly important, not least in the industrial north, it was the metropolis and the London Committee which gave political shape and significance to popular abolitionism.

Conclusion

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. D. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Natural Rights ◽  
Age Of Revolution ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
Universal Human Rights ◽  
Rights Discourse ◽  
Representative System

The changing fortunes of democracy and of rights discourse in the present have provoked the concern that ‘History is not turning out as intended’. Such changing fortunes call for renewed attention to the ‘age of revolution’ and a reconsideration of its conventional historiography. Universalism must now be balanced against particularism. Paine helps that analysis, and also sheds light on the unexplained contradiction in recent historiography between a late eighteenth century dominated by natural rights and Enlightenment discourse, and an early nineteenth dominated by utilitarianism and socialism. The long-term trajectories of natural rights theory and republicanism, especially, now demand reconsideration. Paine’s age did not see a transition from particularist legal right to universal human rights, and into the twentieth century universalizing rights language seldom provided a stable intellectual foundation for proliferating republics. Merely pragmatic reinterpretations of Paine’s ‘representative system’ contribute to blighting the democratic potential of many republics.

Italian Opera and the Concept of “Canon” in the Late Eighteenth Century

2020 ◽  
pp. 50-71
Author(s):  
Franco Piperno
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Italian Opera ◽  
Paris Opera ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
Giovanni Paisiello

This essay shows that in Italy for much of the eighteenth century, canonic recognition was granted to the librettist of a famous opera but not to the composer, who was seen as an artisan rather than an intellectual. But the unique long-term popularity of Pergolesi’s La serva padrona (1733) led to the honoring of composers in subsequent generations both in musical and in dramatic terms. Even though a stable authorial canon of opera composers failed to establish itself in Italy prior to the triumph of Rossini, strong respect emerged for composers such as Niccolò Jommelli, Niccolò Piccinni, and Giovanni Paisiello, which, together with the rising fame of leading singers, laid the groundwork for the Italian operatic canon of the nineteenth century. This chapter is paired with Michel Noiray’s “The practical and symbolic functions of pre-Rameau opera at the Paris Opéra before Gluck.”

Upland adjustments: west Wales and Swaledale and the sequences of migration

2018 ◽  
pp. 165-179
Author(s):  
Eric Richards
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
British Isles ◽  
Classic Case ◽  
Rural Change ◽  
The North ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
The Common

Wales, in common with many locations in the British Isles, had a mixed career during the economic and demographic upheavals of the late eighteenth century. Rural west Wales was especially prominent in the emigration account; it also vividly manifested some of the classic conditions making for mobility. Increased mobility in rural Wales was marked also by particular episodes of emigration which entered the folk memory. The demographic and economic career of the upland Swaledale region in the North Yorkshire Pennines demonstrates with unusual clarity several typical sequences within the long-term decline of its rural population. The Swaledale economy remained dominated by agriculture, and productivity increases were impressive, especially in dairying. Swaledale was a classic case of rural change associated with migratory adjustments to demographic and economic pressures, and was a regional variant of the common experience in rural Britain.

4. Long Waves and Conjunctures of Democratization

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dirk Berg-Schlosser
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Long Waves ◽  
Political Equality ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Long Wave ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
The Future ◽  
History Of

This chapter focuses on the history of democratization since the late eighteenth century. It introduces the concepts of ‘waves’ (trends) and ‘conjunctures’ (briefer turmoils) and delineates the major developments in this respect. In this way, the major long-term and short-term factors leading to the emergence and breakdowns of democracies are also highlighted. The first long wave occurred during the period 1776–1914, followed by the first positive conjuncture in 1918–19, the second long wave (with some intermittent turbulences) in 1945–88, and the latest conjuncture in 1989–90. The chapter identifies the main ingredients to democratization throughout history, namely: republicanism, representation, and political equality. It concludes by considering some of the current perspectives and dangers for the future of democracy.

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