scholarly journals The Visual Effects of Intraocular Colored Filters

Scientifica ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Billy R. Hammond
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Plant Pigments ◽  
Visual Effects ◽  
Modern Life ◽  
Ocular Tissues ◽  
Atmospheric Haze ◽  
Transient Loss ◽  
Visual Problems ◽  
Intense Light ◽  
Glare Disability

Modern life is associated with a myriad of visual problems, most notably refractive conditions such as myopia. Human ingenuity has addressed such problems using strategies such as spectacle lenses or surgical correction. There are other visual problems, however, that have been present throughout our evolutionary history and are not as easily solved by simply correcting refractive error. These problems include issues like glare disability and discomfort arising from intraocular scatter, photostress with the associated transient loss in vision that arises from short intense light exposures, or the ability to see objects in the distance through a veil of atmospheric haze. One likely biological solution to these more long-standing problems has been the use of colored intraocular filters. Many species, especially diurnal, incorporate chromophores from numerous sources (e.g., often plant pigments called carotenoids) into ocular tissues to improve visual performance outdoors. This review summarizes information on the utility of such filters focusing on chromatic filtering by humans.

“The Child Is Born a Naturalist”: Nature Study, Woodcraft Indians, and the Theory of Recapitulation

2007 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin C. Armitage
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Scientific Inquiry ◽  
Direct Contact ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Human Race ◽  
Modern Life ◽  
Nature Study ◽  
Primitive People ◽  
History Of

Beginning in the 1890s, the nature study movement advocated direct contact with the natural world to develop in children an appreciation for natural history, the beginnings of scientific inquiry, aesthetic and spiritual interests as well as the motivation to conserve nature. Defense of nature study pedagogy came from the theory of recapitulation. Recapitulation held that as humans developed they repeated the evolutionary history of the human race. Children were thus thought to be like Indians: primitive people with an innate closeness to nature. The most popular proponent of these ideas was Ernest Thompson Seton, widely read author, illustrator, and founder of the nature study boys club, the Woodcraft Indians. Nature study advocates hoped that the theory of recapitulation would allow them to bridge the modern and romantic, antimodern tendencies in their movement. Despite an intense focus on premodern virtues, nature study and the Woodcraft Indians mostly served to ease the tensions and incongruities of modern life.

scholarly journals Attenuating Photostress and Glare Disability in Pseudophakic Patients through the Addition of a Short-Wave Absorbing Filter

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Billy R. Hammond
Keyword(s):  
Blue Light ◽  
Recovery Time ◽  
Light Exposure ◽  
The United States ◽  
Short Wave ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
Central Target ◽  
Intense Light ◽  
Glare Disability ◽  
Photostress Recovery Time

To evaluate the effects of filtering short wavelength light on visual performance under intense light conditions among pseudophakic patients previously implanted with a clear intraocular lens (IOL). This was a patient-masked, randomized crossover study conducted at 6 clinical sites in the United States between September 2013 and January 2014. One hundred fifty-four bilaterally pseudophakic patients were recruited. Photostress recovery time and glare disability thresholds were measured with clip-on blue-light-filtering and placebo (clear; no blue-light filtration) glasses worn over patients’ habitual correction. Photostress recovery time was quantified as the time necessary to regain sight of a grating target after intense light exposure. Glare disability threshold was assessed as the intensity of a white-light annulus necessary to obscure a central target. The order of filter used and test eye were randomized across patients. Photostress recovery time and glare disability thresholds were significantly improved (bothP<0.0001) when patients used blue-light-filtering glasses compared with clear, nonfiltering glasses. Compared with a nonfiltering placebo, adding a clip-on blue-absorbing filter to the glasses of pseudophakic patients implanted with clear IOLs significantly increased their ability to cope with glare and to recover normal viewing after an intensive photostress. This result implies that IOL designs with blue-light-filtering characteristics may be beneficial under intense light conditions.

Elaborating the role of reflection and individual differences in the study of folk-economic beliefs

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Arceneaux
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Economic Beliefs

AbstractIntuitions guide decision-making, and looking to the evolutionary history of humans illuminates why some behavioral responses are more intuitive than others. Yet a place remains for cognitive processes to second-guess intuitive responses – that is, to be reflective – and individual differences abound in automatic, intuitive processing as well.

Evolutionary History

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edmund Russell
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History

Computer Vision for Visual Effects

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. Radke
Keyword(s):  
Computer Vision ◽  
Visual Effects

Review of The Rage Within: Anger in Modern Life.

1991 ◽  
Vol 36 (10) ◽  
pp. 907-907
Author(s):  
No authorship indicated
Keyword(s):  
Modern Life

Abnormal psychology and modern life.

1951 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-85
Author(s):  
No authorship indicated
Keyword(s):  
Abnormal Psychology ◽  
Modern Life

Taking a peek into sorghum’s evolutionary history 

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rieko Kawabata
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History

TO ANALYZE THE EFFECT OF DAMAGE TO OTHER OCULAR TISSUES ON VISUAL OUTCOME AFTER TRAUMATIC CATARACT SURGERY.

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Mita V. Joshi ◽  
Dr. Sudhir Mahashabde
Keyword(s):  
Visual Outcome ◽  
Corneal Opacity ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Traumatic Cataract ◽  
Visual Axis ◽  
College Hospital ◽  
Ocular Tissues ◽  
Department Of Ophthalmology ◽  
Ocular Injuries ◽  
Final Visual Outcome

All patient coming to Index Medical College Hospital & Research Centre, Indore operated in Department of Ophthalmology for traumatic cataract due to various injuries Result: Of the 37 patients, 19 patients (51%) showed corneal/ corneal sclera injury. 10 cases had injury to iris in the form of spincter tear, traumatic mydriasis, iris incarceration, floppy iris, posterior and anterior synechiae. Subluxation of lens was seen in 2 cases and Dislocation of lens was in 1 cases. 3 cases had corneal opacity. Old retinal detachment was seen in 1 (3%) case. Out of 30 cases who had associated ocular injuries, 3 cases had vision of HM, 07 cases had vision of CF-ctf – CF-3’, 01 cases had vision of 5/60, 07 cases had vision of 6/60-6/36, 03 cases had vision of 6/24-6/18, 09 cases had vision of 6/12-6/6. Out of 7 cases without associated in injury, 2 cases had vision of 6/24-6/18, 05 cases had vision of 6/12-6/6. Conclusion: Corneal scarring obstructing the visual axis as well as by inducing irregular astigmatism formed an important cause of poor visual outcome in significant number of cases. Irreversible posterior segment damage lead to impaired vision case. The final visual outcome showed good result however the final visual outcome depends upon the extent of associated ocular injuries. Effective Intervention and management are the key points in preventing monocular blindness due to traumatic cataract. Keywords: Ocular, Tissues, Traumatic, Cataract & Surgery.

Disentangling the role of shared ancestry and the environment on leaf stable isotopes

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marko J. Spasojevic ◽  
Sören Weber1
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotopes ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Environmental Control ◽  
Phylogenetic Signal ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Habitat Types ◽  
Δ13c And Δ15n ◽  
Environmental Controls ◽  
Shared Ancestry

Stable carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) isotopes in plants are important indicators of plant water use efficiency and N acquisition strategies. While often regarded as being under environmental control, there is growing evidence that evolutionary history may also shape variation in stable isotope ratios (δ13C and δ15N) among plant species. Here we examined patterns of foliar δ13C and δ15N in alpine tundra for 59 species in 20 plant families. To assess the importance of environmental controls and evolutionary history, we examined if average δ13C and δ15N predictably differed among habitat types, if individual species exhibited intraspecific trait variation (ITV) in δ13C and δ15N, and if there were a significant phylogenetic signal in δ13C and δ15N. We found that variation among habitat types in both δ13C and δ15N mirrored well-known patterns of water and nitrogen limitation. Conversely, we also found that 40% of species exhibited no ITV in δ13C and 35% of species exhibited no ITV in δ15N, suggesting that some species are under stronger evolutionary control. However, we only found a modest signal of phylogenetic conservatism in δ13C and no phylogenetic signal in δ15N suggesting that shared ancestry is a weaker driver of tundra wide variation in stable isotopes. Together, our results suggest that both evolutionary history and local environmental conditions play a role in determining variation in δ13C and δ15N and that considering both factors can help with interpreting isotope patterns in nature and with predicting which species may be able to respond to rapidly changing environmental conditions.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document