Racisms and the Race Relations approach

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Gilligan
Keyword(s):  
Race Relations ◽  
World War ◽  
Policy Area ◽  
Initial Development ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Second World ◽  
First World

Beginning in the 1960s the UK government has developed the policy area of ‘race relations’. This chapter examines the intellectual antecedents of this policy area from its initial development in the USA at the end of the First World War, through its internationalisation after the Second World War (via the United Nations), to its place in UK ‘race relations’ policy. The chapter also outlines some of the key features of Race Relations theory and policy.

MILITARY GEOLOGY: AN AMERICAN TERM WITH GERMAN AND FRENCH ANCESTRY

2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 357-370
Author(s):  
EDWARD P. F. ROSE
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
World War ◽  
Initial Development ◽  
80Th Anniversary ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Second World ◽  
First World

ABSTRACT The year 2019 marks the 80th anniversary of the start of the Second World War and the 75th anniversary of the Allied landings in Normandy: respectively the first major conflict in which geologists were deployed professionally in uniform by opposing sides from the start of hostilities, and the first successful major amphibious assault whose planning was significantly influenced by geologists. ‘Military geology’ had become established within major world powers as a discipline relevant to military operations, following its initial development in the First World War. The term in English had entered scientific literature via publications in the USA from 1917 onwards, initially by Joseph Ezekiel Pogue, Jr (1887–1971). This followed use of ‘Militärgeologie’ from 1913 by Walter Kranz (1873–1953) in Germany, a term subsequently used also in Austria-Hungary, although mostly replaced by ‘Kriegsgeologie’ in both nations from 1915 and by ‘Wehrgeologie’ from about 1935. However, ‘géologie militaire’ was in French use even earlier, notably in the sub-titles of books by an infantry officer, Joseph-Charles-Auguste Clerc (1840–1910), on the French Alps in 1882 and the Jura mountains in 1888. This term complemented use of ‘géographie militaire’, a name in use since 1836 for a subject whose study was given impetus in France by defeat in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871. In recent years ‘military geoscience’ has come into more popular use, reuniting military geology with geography and embracing associated disciplines.

Griffith’s Equation

2020 ◽  
pp. 249-266
Author(s):  
Brian Cantor
Keyword(s):  
Science Fiction ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Jet Engine ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Corner Cracks ◽  
Second World ◽  
First World ◽  
Engine Development

Most materials fracture suddenly because they contain small internal and surface cracks, which propagate under an applied stress. Griffith’s equation shows how fracture strength depends inversely on the square root of the size of the largest crack. It was developed by Alan Griffith, while he was working as an engineer at Royal Aircraft Establishment Farnborough just after the First World War. This chapter examines brittle and ductile fracture, the concepts of fracture toughness, stress intensity factor and stBiographical Memoirs of Fellows ofrain energy release rate, the different fracture modes, and the use of fractography to understand the causes of fracture in broken components. The importance of fracture mechanics was recognised after the Second World War, following the disastrous failures of the Liberty ships from weld cracks, and the Comet airplanes from sharp window corner cracks. Griffith’s father was a larger-than-life buccaneering explorer, poet, journalist and science fiction writer, and Griffith lived an unconventional, peripatetic and impoverished early life. He became a senior engineer working for the UK Ministry of Defence and then Rolls-Royce Aeroengines, famously turning down Whittle’s first proposed jet engine just before the Second World War as unworkable because the engine material would melt, then playing a major role in jet engine development after the war, including engines for the first vertical take-off planes.

On the Fence, Over the Fence

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Schofield
Keyword(s):  
Military Training ◽  
Home Front ◽  
Archaeological Survey ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Second World ◽  
First World

Given the significance of military training in shaping early archaeological practice, and the enthusiasm with which archaeologists have explored the remains of early conflict (from the Roman and medieval periods especially), it is surprising how long it has taken archaeologists to develop interest in more recent conflict. It seems to have taken the fiftieth anniversaries of the Second World War to inspire interest amongst professional archaeologists and across the heritage sector, following a longer history of amateur endeavour. This chapter briefly reviews these earlier histories of the subject, before focusing on some recent examples that illustrate the breadth of research and the opportunities it provides for public engagement. The role of anniversaries appears particularly relevant at the time of writing, with the centenary of the First World War. Alongside archaeological activities along the former Western Front, and in Jordan, an archaeological survey of the UK Home Front is under way.

Grand Strategy

2021 ◽  
pp. 24-40
Author(s):  
Lawrence Freedman
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
Grand Strategy ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
The Military ◽  
Second World ◽  
First World

A concept of “grand strategy” only emerged during the first decades of the twentieth century. Through the nineteenth century, strategy had a very narrow meaning, largely concerned with getting troops into the best position for battle. Tactics was concerned with the conduct of battle. For a number of reasons, including the importance of peacetime preparation for war, the separation between military strategy and the wider political and economic context came to be recognized as untenable. The contemporary strategy of grand strategy was developed in the UK first by the naval theorist Corbett and then by Fuller and Liddell Hart after the First World War. It referred to the nonmilitary aspects of prosecuting a war. After the Second World War, grand strategy tended to be used to refer to the higher conduct of war where the political, social, and economic came together with the military. Most use was made by historians who found it helpful as a way of discussing past politico-military conduct, even going back to the Romans. It came back into prescriptive use as the Cold War drew to a close. This encouraged the contemporary concept, which refers to the bringing together of all elements of a state power in pursuit of long-term objectives, which has been criticized for being too ambitious.

The anti-invasion defences of the Forth and Tay estuaries, eastern Scotland

2019 ◽  
Vol 148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon J Barclay ◽  
Ron Morris
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Modern Landscape ◽  
Second World ◽  
First World

The anti-invasion defences of the Second World War are still a prominent part of the modern landscape (Barclay 2013). The defences built during the First World War are, however, less well known. Some of these, indeed, have been misidentified as having been built in the later war, and many places were defended in both conflicts. Even less well known are the defences planned, and in some cases built, between 1900 and 1914, as set out in the Army’s ‘Defence Schemes’ for Scotland, and in the records of individual coast defence batteries. This paper sets out the plans to defend two adjacent parts of Scotland between 1900 and 1919, the coasts of the Tay and Forth estuaries, in the wider context of the defence of the UK.

Estimates of Production Functions

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. Pencavel
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
World War 2 ◽  
Department Of Labor ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Second World ◽  
First World

This chapter applies the conceptual framework developed in the previous chapter to four sets of observations. These present a perspective on the output-hours relationship in different contexts. These data are used to determine the relevance of the hypothesis of unit returns to hours and the law of diminishing returns. The four sets are (1) observations on British munition workers in the First World War; (2) observations on plants producing weapons in Britain during the Second World War; (3) observations by researchers at the U.S. Department of Labor on plants during the Second World War; and (4) observations on plywood mills in the state of Washington from the 1960s to the 1980s. The estimated relationships are portrayed in figures.

Registrations

2021 ◽  
pp. 74-118
Author(s):  
Rex Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
Home Front ◽  
Elizabeth Bowen ◽  
World War ◽  
Graham Greene ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Identity Card ◽  
Identity Cards ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Second World ◽  
First World

From the beginning of the Second World War until 1952, the UK maintained a National Register and issued all citizens with identity cards (one of only two times in which this has occurred—the other being during the First World War). The National Registration Identity Card was an intrinsic part of the logic of classification which guided life on the home front and organized individuals into categories of usefulness, vulnerability, and risk. Mirroring the simplistic basis of these categories, the National Registration Identity Card was notable for the paucity of information it contained. Rather than working as an authentic token which served to validate identity in itself, when it came to security, the card only really worked when read alongside the more richly detailed register to which it referred. Cross-checking between card and register and, more importantly, opening conversations which rested upon the potential for cross-checking, thus animated attempts to identity individuals in wartime Britain. In retreating from the radical subjectivity of modernist prose, writers of the period, such as Graham Greene and Elizabeth Bowen, produced characterizations that were as similarly shorn of depth as the categories that the home front pushed individuals into and the cards that identified them. In playing upon the genre of the espionage thriller, The Ministry of Fear (1943) and The Heat of the Day (1948) thus narrate identities that are defined by social position and by plots which confirm individuals as often precisely what they initially appear to be.

3. Nationalisms

2020 ◽  
pp. 38-58
Author(s):  
Donald Wright
Keyword(s):  
First Nations ◽  
Second World War ◽  
English Canada ◽  
World War ◽  
Pierre Trudeau ◽  
The First World War ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Second World ◽  
First World

In theory, Canada is one nation. ‘Nationalisms’ shows that the reality is more complex. English Canada, Quebec, and First Nations groups have distinct identities, as does Newfoundland. The First World War divided English Canada and Quebec over conscription, and the Second World War also tested Canada’s national fault lines. The Quiet Revolutions made the 1960s and 1970s a period of excitement, cultural experimentation, and even violence, which was quashed by Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau. Legally, Quebec is a province but after referendums in the 1980s and 1990s, its struggle for independence was successful in everything but name.

Western Ethnic Borderlands in the Influence of Russian-Soviet Propagangda Before and in the Years of the Second World War

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (46) ◽  
pp. 32-39
Author(s):  
Igor Lyubchyk
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Russian Orthodoxy ◽  
The Social ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Post War ◽  
Second World ◽  
First World ◽  
Russian Identity

The research issue peculiarities of wide Russian propaganda among the most Western ethnographic group – Lemkies is revealed in the article. The character and orientation of Russian and Soviet agitation through the social, religious and social movements aimed at supporting Russian identity in the region are traced. Tragic pages during the First World War were Thalrogian prisons for Lemkas, which actually swept Lemkivshchyna through Muscovophilian influences. Agitation for Russian Orthodoxy has provoked frequent cases of sharp conflicts between Lemkas. In general, attempts by moskvophile agitators to impose russian identity on the Orthodox rite were failed. Taking advantage of the complex socio-economic situation of Lemkos, Russian campaigners began to promote moving to the USSR. Another stage of Russian propaganda among Lemkos began with the onset of the Second World War. Throughout the territory of the Galician Lemkivshchyna, Soviet propaganda for resettlement to the USSR began rather quickly. During the dramatic events of the Second World War and the post-war period, despite the outbreaks of the liberation movement, among the Lemkoswere manifestations of political sympathies oriented toward the USSR. Keywords: borderlands, Lemkivshchyna, Lemky, Lemkivsky schism, Moskvophile, Orthodoxy, agitation, ethnopolitics

The Motif of Sacrifice in the Literature and Culture of the Second World War

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Rawlinson
Keyword(s):  
Short Stories ◽  
First World War ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Home Front ◽  
World War ◽  
War Poetry ◽  
Anglophone Literature ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Second World ◽  
First World

This chapter explores how Anglophone literature and culture envisioned and questioned an economy of sacrificial exchange, particularly its symbolic aspect, as driving the compulsions entangled in the Second World War. After considering how Elizabeth Bowen’s short stories cast light on the Home Front rhetorics of sacrifice and reconstruction, it looks at how poets Robert Graves, Keith Douglas, and Alun Lewis reflect on First World War poetry of sacrifice. With reference to René Girard’s and Carl von Clausewitz’s writings on war, I take up Elaine Cobley’s assertion about the differing valencies of the First and Second World Wars, arguing that the contrast is better seen in terms of sacrificial economy. I develop that argument with reference to examples from Second World War literature depicting sacrificial exchange (while often harking back to the First World War), including Evelyn Waugh’s Sword of Honour Trilogy (1952–61), and William Wharton’s memoir Shrapnel (2012).

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