Slavophiles on the Relationship between “Internal” and “External” in the Construction of the Boundaries of Russian Identity

The article is devoted to the philosophy of classical Slavophilism, which the author considers as the first conception of Russian national identity, which reached the generalizations of the philosophical level. Self-identification of a people, as well as person, presupposes an understanding of their own characteristics in relation to “others”. The Slavophilеs viewed the West as the “Significant Other”. For the Slavophiles, one of the most important markers allowing to define the boundaries of the Russian identity was the antithesis of “internal” and “external”. Comparing her position with the one of the modern European researcher K. J. Mier, the author analyzes the use of this antithesis in Slavophil anthropology.

Invariant Component of Development of Targeted Programs for Formation of Russian Identity n Educational Organizations

The article presents the author’s theoretical justification for the need to develop targeted programs for the formation of Russian identity in educational organizations. At the same time, taking as a given the multicultural nature of Russian society, the author seeks to determine the invariant part of such programs. The purpose of the article is to determine the invariant component of the development of targeted programs for the formation of Russian identity in educational organizations. The methodology was compiled by sociocultural and systemic approaches to the analysis of pedagogical phenomena and based on the main non-pedagogical concepts of the identity of foreign and domestic researchers. The leading methods were analyze, generalization, interpretation of the results of philosophical, sociological, psychological and pedagogical research, mass and author pedagogical practice, modeling individual positions of the concept of the pedagogical process of forming the Russian personality identity. Attention is drawn to the fact that modern pedagogy (if it wants to be modern) is fundamentally important to determine the set of pedagogically significant ha-racterists of Russian identity, which will allow you to design the pedagogical process of its formation and indicate pedagogical permissible means and possible risks of its scientific and methodological support. The interdependence and mutual influence of the processes of development (main) and formation (accompanying) leads to objective limitations of pedagogical interventions. In order to improve the professional detail of pedagogical teams within the framework of the formation of the Russian identity of students, the structure of the modular program for the formation of Russian identity in educational organizations is proposed for discussion.

Individual Responsibility for the Common Cause? Everyday Preservationism in the Interwar Russian Émigré Newsmagazine Illyustrirovannaya Rossiya

This article considers the approach of the popular Russian émigré newsmagazine Illyustrirovannaya Rossiya [Illustrated Russia] to so-called preservationism — simply put, the tendency to preserve prerevolutionary Russian culture in exile. More specifically, this article studies preservationism in the everyday life of the Russian interwar diaspora. Due to its long run, broad scope, and large readership, the magazine is a unique and invaluable document, offering significant insight into the social and cultural life of Russian émigrés. In order to gain an understanding of preservationism in Illyustrirovannaya Rossiya, a close reading of the periodical will be conducted, centred around questions such as whether the magazine covered any aspects of prerevolutionary Russian culture at all, and, if so, which and how? Focusing on three key elements of Illyustrirovannaya Rossiya’s editorial content, this article demonstrates that preservationism in popular and everyday culture as presented in this periodical differs markedly from its high-culture counterpart (such as highbrow literature and visual arts, for example). What stands out in Illyustrirovannaya Rossiya’s approach is that prerevolutionary Russian life and culture are rarely covered and, more importantly, never truly glorified. Instead, coverage of the Russian émigré community itself makes up a central part of the magazine’s content. When it comes to preserving Russian culture and identity, Illyustrirovannaya Rossiya pleads for finding a middle ground between preserving the home culture and adapting to the host culture. In doing so, the magazine frequently stresses readers’ individual responsibility to seek connection with their Russian identity instead of relying on leading émigré figures and institutions.

Восприятие общегражданских ценностей студентами Москвы и Кировской области

В конце 2020 г. в рамках исследования восприятия общегражданских ценностей и российской идентичности было проведено анкетирование студенческой молодежи Москвы и Кировской области. В качестве оснований для гордости за свою страну рассматривались представления молодых людей об объектах культурного и природного наследия России, значимых исторических событиях и текущих направлениях деятельности нашего государства. В перечень объектов культурного достояния, по мнению учащихся, входят: особенности языка и речи, эпос народов России, народные промыслы, предметы быта, блюда национальной кухни. В список важнейших памятников природы, как считают наши респонденты, следует включить: Байкал, Алтай, Камчатку и Карелию. Подавляющее большинство опрошенных в первую очередь гордится победой в Великой Отечественной войне и достижениями советской космонавтики. По результатам работы может быть сделан вывод о первостепенной значимости научных открытий, культурных и спортивных событий для возникновения патриотических чувств у современной студенческой молодежи. При сохранении единства мнений о наиболее принципиальных российских ценностях в массовом сознании молодежи одновременно присутствуют различия в выборе ответов в зависимости от территории проживания. Это может свидетельствовать об особенностях политических настроений, реакций на внешние угрозы, ориентаций на первоочередное участие в проектах регионального или государственного уровней, которые свойственны для молодых людей каждого конкретного региона. На разницу в суждениях студентов в определенной степени могут также влиять содержание учебных программ и качество образования столичных и провинциальных вузов. At the end of 2020, a students’ survey in Moscow and Kirov region was conducted to study the perception of civic values and Russian identity. Young people’s perceptions of Russia’s cultural and natural heritage, significant historical events, and current activities of the state were examined as foundations for pride in their country. According to the students, the cultural heritage of Russia includes language and speech, epics of the peoples of Russia, folk crafts, household items, and national cuisine. The most important natural monuments as seen by students included Baikal, Altai, Kamchatka, and Karelia. The vast majority of respondents are primarily proud of the victory in the Great Patriotic War and the achievements of Soviet cosmonautics. The results revealed that scientific discoveries, cultural and sports events are of paramount importance for the patriotic feelings among the modern student youth. While the opinions on the most fundamental Russian values in the mass consciousness of young people mostly coincide, there are certain differences in the choice of answers depending on the territory of residence. This may indicate that political sentiments, reactions to external threats, and orientations towards participation in regional or state projects of young people differ in each region. To a certain extent, the students’ judgments can also be influenced by the curricula and the quality of education in metropolitan and provincial universities.

Skazana na imperium? Lęki i dyskurs imperialny w procesie samoidentyfikacji Rosji poradzieckiej

The goal of the article is to indicate the reasons why formulating a new Russian non-imperial identity has failed. Applying the Ontological Security Theory shows the fall of the USSR as a critical situation that undermined the so-called fundamental questions of the Russian identity. The return of the imperial discourse was triggered by ontological anxiety connected to two fundamental questions: social relations with the significant Other and the finitude. The article discusses in detail the latter. Pending anxiety has activated imperial habitus, which is illustrated by the case of the Russian Geographical Association.

BELARUS AND UKRAINE IN THE POST-SOVIET PERIOD – TWO DIFFERENT MODELS OF ORGANIZATION AND POSITIONING OF THE STATE

After the disappearance of the USSR, Belarus and Ukraine have mostly different models of state organization at the domestic level: Belarus opted for state capitalism with a social image, close to the neo-Keynesian concept with elements of socialism-social justice. Ukraine had a number of changes in that direction, but after the February coup in 2014, it fully accepted the neoliberal model, which led to additional stratification of the population, pauperization and a serious economic crisis. In the geopolitical direction, Belarus has always been firmly connected with Russia and the integration processes in the post-Soviet space led by Moscow. Ukrai-ne is internally divided on that issue, so it had a moderated participation in the inte-gration processes in the post-Soviet space. However, after February 2014 and the conflicts that followed, Ukraine turned to the western centers of power. Belarus has very little opposition in the electorate to the existing geopolitical and pro-Russian identity issue, while Ukraine remains a divided country on a number of major issues. Western centers of power, and especially Atlanticist ones, generally support every form of distance from Russia and pro-Russian identity that exists among the popula-tion and elite in Ukraine and that appears on the border in Belarus. In Ukraine, until February 2014, pluralism influenced them to channel them-selves through elections for the institutions of the system of differences of identity and interests of the regions, so the pro-Russian and Western Ukrainian options changed in power. Since 2014, the secession of Crimea, the secession of Donetsk and Lugansk, the western Ukrainian option has an advantage. Since then, the gov-ernment in Kiev has been threatening the identity survival of the pro-Russian part of the population of Ukraine, the majority in the Southeast, in an authoritarian and un-democratic way. Official relations between Ukraine and Russia are tense.

Między ratio a emotum. Polsko-rosyjskie postrzeganie wzajemne w perspektywie binarnej

A characteristic feature of Polish-Russian mutual perception is binarity, manifesting itself in various discursive spaces, from colloquial stereotypes, through popular literature, to sophisticated forms of meta-historical discourse. Asian-Europeanness, Latin-Byzantism/Orthodoxy, collectivism-individualism, and authenticity-falsehood, are just some of the oppositions that organise the social imagination of Poles and Russians in the sphere of their mutual assessments and opinions. The article draws attention to the partial manifestations of such oppositions (literary discourse, postcolonial studies, etc.) in order to show their hidden, dialectical dimension. To achieve this goal, the author refers to the category of ratio and emotum, which refers to a specific current of the European philosophical tradition. Both of these binary categories are the foundation for creating an image of the Other. They also fit into self-defining strategies important for understanding Polish and Russian identity.

Linguistic identity, national archetypes and sociocultural environment of their formation

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the current state of the categories ―linguistic identity‖ and ―national archetype‖ in correlation with the socio-cultural environment. The national and cultural values of any ethno psychological group are reflected in the language serving a real-life community of people. National archetypes are the semiotic basis of linguistic identity, which is formed within a certain socio-cultural context, an inalienable instance of the psychophysical structure of a person. It is argued that the essential characteristics of the national linguistic identity can be detected already at the level of identifying the semantic features of the language units of the utterance in discoursing. The next steps to reconstruct the linguistic personality are associated with modelling the logical-semantic structure of the utterance, due to the presence of ethnocultural traces at all levels of the subject's discourse behaviour. The discourse behaviour of an individual is the essence of his communicative activity and worldview. It was found that behavioural models, modal and nominative ways of reflecting reality are ethnoculturally determined not only by language, but also by immanent preferences in accordance with the logic, semantics and pragmatics of the communicative act. It is suggested that the verbalization of Russian identity (the magic of Russian vocabulary) is preferably carried out within the framework of contact strategies (direct means of expressing thoughts) and in correlation with the values of the national community, and the intellectual parameters of the French language are implemented in line with distant communication strategies (indirect means expressions of thought) and the priority of individual values. Prospects for the application of the method of reconstructing new knowledge in the mainstream of identifying the dominant features of a national linguistic personality in languages of different structures are outlined.

IDENTITY OF THE POPULATION OF THE MULTIETHNIC SOUTH OF RUSSIA IN THE CONTEXT OF SOCIETAL INTEGRATION OF THE MACROREGION

The South of Russia is characterized by a complex structure, a contradictory history of interethnic relations and active migration processes. All of the above creates difficulties for the region’s societal integration and strengthening of macroregional ties. The state’s national strategy presupposes the formation of a positive civic identity of Russia’s population while preserving its ethnocultural diversity. The self-determination processes of ethnosocial groups in the post-Soviet space have revealed a competition between the civic and ethnic components in the identity of the national republics’ population. Therefore, the structural and dynamic dimension of the identity of the multiethnic population in the South of Russia is being actualized. The article empirically characterizes the complex identity of the population in the multiethnic subregions of the Russian South in terms of the region’s societal (macrolevel) integration. Based on the sociological research conducted in early 2021 in the Rostov region, the Republic of Adygea and the Republic of Daghestan, the nature of the local residents’ identity along the following axes is analyzed: (1) civic, regional and ethnic identifications; (2) I- and we-identifications; (3) primordial and constructed forms of identity. Modern sociological measurements demonstrate that in the structure of cognitive I-identifications of the population of the Russian South, primordial (gender, marital status) and constructed civic (Russian citizen) identity components prevail. In the Rostov region, the core of the respondents’ identity comprises a macroregional component (resident of the South of Russia). Whereas in the North Caucasian republics in question, ethnic (in Adygea and Daghestan), confessional and republican (in Daghestan) identifications compete with the all-Russian identity. At the emotional we-identity level, residents of the Russian South most often indicate affinity with groups of everyday communication (people of the same generation and occupation) and supra-ethnic constructed communities (citizens of Russia). A strong orientation towards the South Russian identity is also manifested among the Rostov residents, while ethnic, religious and republican identification complexes have greater significance in the national republics of the Northern Caucasus. Comparative analysis with the results of 2010-2011 studies (conducted using identical instruments in the Rostov region and Adygea) shows a stable predominance of constructed civic and macroregional identities in the subregions dominated by the Russian population, and ethnic and North Caucasian identities—in the republican segment. The continuing discrepancy in the identity content structure in the ethnoterritorial segments of the Russian South may have disintegration potential and slow down the formation of a supra-ethnic societal integrity of a multi-component macroregion.

Post-Soviet Russian Identity Building and Politics of Memory: Scientific and Public Discourse

The aim of the study was to examine the positions of various social groups, reflecting the controversial and contradictory aspects of the process of identity construction in post-Soviet Russia and the factor of memory politics. The article reveals the characteristics of the post-Soviet identity-building process and the related politics of memory under the century-end systemic transformation that has launched a new existential project in Russia. Collective identity is formed in a new social space: the global dichotomy of globalization and localization. Methodologically, it is a documentary research close to the analysis of discourse. The process of transition from the Soviet Union to post-Soviet space and the construction of the new state on the ruins of the socialist empire will keep the problems of a new identity and the politics of memory relevant soon. It is concluded that thirty years after the liquidation of the socialist project, the crisis of collective identity in Russia and the "battle for history" and a new Russian national unity are not over. However, persistent social atomization and conflict-triggering narratives of various socio-cultural communities and ideological groups persist.