Traditional Farming

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vaclav Smil
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Traditional Agriculture ◽  
Energy Yield ◽  
Nutritional Content ◽  
Farming Practices ◽  
Land Productivity ◽  
Traditional Farming ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Agronomic Practices ◽  
Vegetarian Diets

This chapter discusses the use of energy in traditional farming. The evolution of agriculture appears to be a continuing effort to increase land productivity (to increase digestible energy yield) in order to accommodate larger populations. Owing to the overwhelmingly vegetarian diets of all traditional peasant societies, it is important to focus on the output of digestible energy produced in staple crops in general and grains in particular. The chapter first provides an overview of the link between food energy and the evolution of peasant societies before considering the commonalities and peculiarities of tools and machines used in agronomic practices. It then examines the dominance of grains in traditional agriculture, with particular emphasis on their energy density and nutritional content. It also analyzes routes to gradual intensification of agriculture, along with the persistence and innovation in traditional farming practices. Finally, it assesses the limits and achievements of traditional agriculture.

Cultivating Empire

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve Kosiba
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Agricultural Intensification ◽  
Farming Practices ◽  
Traditional Farming ◽  
Sustainable Practices ◽  
Inca Empire

The Inca Empire extended across myriad Andean environments where indigenous peoples had previously developed diverse, locally sustainable practices of agricultural intensification and land modification. Inca expansion disrupted these indigenous landscapes by introducing new laborers, tribute obligations, and land divisions. Many Inca agricultural facilities, such as state farms and estates, were primarily designed to satisfy the demands of the imperial nobility and military, and introduced social contradictions between state officials and commoners that reshaped Andean landscapes. Some subject populations withstood or even resisted Inca domination by continuing traditional farming practices despite the development and implementation of state agrarian infrastructure.

Cold-specific feeding response of rats to cold exposure and energy density of body weight change

1981 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 327-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. Morrison
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Density ◽  
Heat Flow ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Weight Change ◽  
Flow Model ◽  
Energy Yield ◽  
Body Weight Change ◽  
Heat Flow Model

The increased food intake of rats exposed to cold is the result of increased intake due to cold (cold-specific compartment; A) and decreased intake due to simultaneously decreased body weight (weight-specific compartment; B). The two compartments are evaluated at 5, 13, and 17 degrees C. B is evaluated as the food intake of theoretical, isogravimetric control (identical to cold-exposed rats with respect to body weight and rate of change of body weight and identical to nonexposed rats in all other respects) that takes into account both the change in energy expenditure due to decreased body weight and the energy yield from tissue catabolism represented by change of body weight. A is the observed food intake minus B. A theoretical heat-flow model, in which expected changes in heat flow during cold exposure drive food intake to maintain or restore preexposure body weight status, corroborated the partition derived from experimental data. However, both the experimental results and the heat-flow model imply that the energy density of body weight change is negatively correlated with rate of body weight change. The energy density of weight change is high with high rates of weight loss and low with high rats of weight gain.

scholarly journals Improvement of energy density and energy yield of oil palm biomass by torrefaction in combustion gas

2018 ◽  
Vol 458 ◽  
pp. 012061 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Uemura ◽  
V Sellappah ◽  
T H Trinh ◽  
M Komiyama ◽  
S Hassan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Energy Yield ◽  
Combustion Gas ◽  
Oil Palm Biomass

scholarly journals Cultivating a Dialogue: Rewilding, Heritage Landscapes, and Belonging

The Trumpeter ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mateusz Tokarski ◽  
Andrea R. Gammon
Keyword(s):  
Farming Practices ◽  
Traditional Farming ◽  
Peaceful Resolution ◽  
Policy Solutions

Rewilding in Europe currently presents a threat to long established forms of agriculture like upland sheep farming. Some rewilders, recognizing the heritage value of these farming practices, have proposed policy solutions to satisfy both the needs of farmers and the plans of rewilders. Such approaches, though striving for peaceful resolution of landscape conflicts, nevertheless overlook one crucial possibility: that both farmers and rewilders have something to learn from each other. By exploring philosophical ideas on dialogue, we propose that by engaging in real dialogue with traditional farming practices, conservation approaches like rewilding can learn a lot about some of the most fundamental concerns motivating conservation. This however demands laying oneself open to possible criticism and being open to the possibility of transformation.

scholarly journals The human−animal relationship in dairy animals

2020 ◽  
Vol 87 (S1) ◽  
pp. 47-52
Author(s):  
Fabio Napolitano ◽  
Andrea Bragaglio ◽  
Emilio Sabia ◽  
Francesco Serrapica ◽  
Ada Braghieri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Main Tool ◽  
Farming Practices ◽  
Traditional Farming ◽  
Good Practices ◽  
Dairy Animals ◽  
Human Animal ◽  
On Farm ◽  
Dairy Animal

AbstractThe present study aims to identify margins for the improvement of dairy animal welfare and production based on the quality of the human−animal relationship (HAR). The main tool proposed to improve the quality of HAR in dairy animals is training of stock-people by targeting their attitude and behaviour. Given that a good quality HAR may benefit the welfare of dairy animals and productivity, new technologies, by monitoring the handling routine on farm, may be more effective in promoting good practices. In particular, the implementation of new technologies may allow identification of specific inappropriate behaviours to be targeted at stockperson level, thus increasing the efficacy of training. However, an issue related to the introduction of new technologies in the farms, particularly in those that follow traditional farming practices, is the resistance to innovation which may be encountered.

Effects of Reactor Design on the Torrefaction of Biomass

2012 ◽  
Vol 134 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alok Dhungana ◽  
Prabir Basu ◽  
Animesh Dutta
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Fluidized Beds ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Convective Heating ◽  
Energy Yield ◽  
Mass Yield ◽  
Rotating Drum ◽  
Volumetric Heating ◽  
Direct Heating ◽  
Common Basis

Torrefied biomass is a green alternative to coal, and thus the interest in the torrefaction process is rising fast. Different manufacturers are offering different patented designs of torrefier with data on varying operating and process conditions each claiming their superiority over others. The choice of torrefaction technology has become exceptionally difficult because of a near absence of a comparative assessment of different types of reactors on a common base. This work attempts to fill this important knowledge gap in torrefaction technology by reviewing available types of reactors, and comparing their torrefaction performance common basis and examining the commercial implication of reactor choice. After reviewing available patent and technologies offered, torrefiers are classified broadly under two generic groups: indirectly heated and directly heated. Four generic types of reactors, convective heating, fluidized bed, rotating drum and microwave reactor were studied in this research. Convective and fluidized beds have direct heating, rotating reactors has indirect heating while microwave involves a volumetric heating (a subgroup of direct heating) mechanism. A standard sample of biomass (25 mm diameter × 64 mm long poplar wood) was torrefied in each of these types of reactors under identical conditions. The mass yield, energy density and energy yield of the wood after torrefaction were measured and compared. Rotating drum achieved lowest mass yield but highest energy density. The difference between two direct heating, convective heating and fluidized beds was small. Microwave provided only localized torrefaction in this series of tests. Indirectly heated reactors might be suitable for a plant near the biomass source while directly heated plant would give better value at the user end.

Traditional Farming Practices and Its Consequences

2021 ◽  
pp. 119-128
Author(s):  
H. Hamadani ◽  
S. Mudasir Rashid ◽  
J. D. Parrah ◽  
A. A. Khan ◽  
K. A. Dar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Farming Practices ◽  
Traditional Farming

The response of pigs weaned at 5 weeks of age to digestible energy and lysine concentrations in the diet

1978 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. O'Grady
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Lower Energy ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Similar Rate ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Lower Energy Density

AbstractEight-hundred-and-fifty-two pigs were weaned at 5 weeks of age, and at an average weight of 8·5 kg were allocated in pens of 14 or 15 to diets having 13·6 or 14·6 MJ digestible energy (DE)/kg combined with 11·0 or 11·8 g lysine per kg.Over a 5-week experimental period, pigs receiving the diet with the higher DE content had a lower daily feed intake, improved feed conversion efficiency (FCE) but a similar rate of gain to those getting less DE/kg. Efficiency of utilization of energy was poorer when DE content was higher.Increasing lysine level increased daily feed intake and rate of gain while improving FCE. There were significant energy x lysine interactions. At the lower energy density, increasing the lysine level resulted in increased daily feed intakes whereas the reverse was the case at the higher energy density. Daily gain increased when lysine level was increased at the lower energy density but was unaffected at the higher density. Efficiency of energy utilization was improved by increasing lysine at the higher but not at the lower energy level.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document