scholarly journals Stimulus salience determines defensive behaviors elicited by aversively conditioned serial compound auditory stimuli

eLife ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Hersman ◽  
David Allen ◽  
Mariko Hashimoto ◽  
Salvador Ignacio Brito ◽  
Todd E Anthony
Keyword(s):  
White Noise ◽  
Compound Stimulus ◽  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
Sensory Stimuli ◽  
Serial Compound ◽  
Temporal Relationships ◽  
The Us ◽  
Stimulus Salience ◽  
Primary Determinant ◽  
Conditioned Responses

Assessing the imminence of threatening events using environmental cues enables proactive engagement of appropriate avoidance responses. The neural processes employed to anticipate event occurrence depend upon which cue properties are used to formulate predictions. In serial compound stimulus (SCS) conditioning in mice, repeated presentations of sequential tone (CS1) and white noise (CS2) auditory stimuli immediately prior to an aversive event (US) produces freezing and flight responses to CS1 and CS2, respectively (Fadok et al., 2017). Recent work reported that these responses reflect learned temporal relationships of CS1 and CS2 to the US (Dong et al., 2019). However, we find that frequency and sound pressure levels, not temporal proximity to the US, are the key factors underlying SCS-driven conditioned responses. Moreover, white noise elicits greater physiological and behavioral responses than tones even prior to conditioning. Thus, stimulus salience is the primary determinant of behavior in the SCS paradigm, and represents a potential confound in experiments utilizing multiple sensory stimuli.

scholarly journals Stimulus Salience Determines the Defensive Behaviors Elicited by Aversively Conditioned Compound Auditory Stimuli

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Hersman ◽  
Todd E. Anthony
Keyword(s):  
White Noise ◽  
Compound Stimulus ◽  
Aversive Conditioning ◽  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
Sensory Stimuli ◽  
Defensive Responses ◽  
Defensive Behaviors ◽  
The Us ◽  
Mouse Hearing ◽  
Threat Stimuli

SUMMARYAnimals exhibit distinct patterns of defensive behavior according to their perceived imminence of potential threats. Ethoexperimental [1, 2] and aversive conditioning [3-5] studies indicate that as the probability of directly encountering a threat increases, animals shift from behaviors aimed at avoiding detection (e.g. freezing) to escape (e.g. undirected flight). What are the neural mechanisms responsible for assessing threat imminence and controlling appropriate behavioral responses? Fundamental to addressing these questions has been the development of behavioral paradigms in mice in which well-defined threat-associated sensory stimuli reliably and robustly elicit passive or active defensive responses [6, 7]. In serial compound stimulus (SCS) fear conditioning, repeated pairing of sequentially presented tone (CS1) and white noise (CS2) auditory stimuli with footshock (US) yields learned freezing and flight responses to CS1 and CS2, respectively [6]. Although this white noise-induced transition from freezing to flight would appear to reflect increased perceived imminence due to the US being more temporally proximal to CS2 than CS1, this model has not been directly tested. Surprisingly, we find that audio frequency properties and sound pressure levels, not temporal relationship to the US, determine the defensive behaviors elicited by SCS conditioned auditory stimuli. Notably, auditory threat stimuli that most potently elicit high imminence behaviors include frequencies to which mouse hearing is most sensitive. These results argue that, as with visual threats [8], perceived imminence and resulting intensity of defensive responses scale with the salience of auditory threat stimuli.

Taste Aversion: Serial Compound Stimulus and Conditioned Inhibition

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles F. Hinderliter ◽  
James R. Misanin ◽  
Bernadine M. Santai ◽  
Kimberly E. Bautz ◽  
Ann A. Murphy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Taste Aversion ◽  
Conditioned Inhibition ◽  
Compound Stimulus ◽  
Serial Compound

White Noise and Black Boxes: Social Justice Discourses and Social Media Practices

2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 310-318
Author(s):  
Didem Uca
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Social Justice ◽  
White Noise ◽  
Digital Tools ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Black Boxes ◽  
The Us ◽  
Media Practices ◽  
Digital Spaces

Social media has long been a powerful tool for marginalized individuals to connect and form communities. Yet the digital tools used to facilitate these modes of communication, including the hashtag, can also be overpowered by misuse from users outside of these communities. This essay analyzes recent efforts by people of colour in Germany and the US to curate digital spaces by creating and utilizing hashtags such as #BlackLivesMatter and #MeTwo that center their voices, while also discussing appropriation and right-wing responses to progressive social justice activism that threaten the hashtag’s ability to make meaningful content available to the users who need it.

scholarly journals Temporal Patterns of Inputs to Cerebellum Necessary and Sufficient for Trace Eyelid Conditioning

2010 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 627-640 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian E. Kalmbach ◽  
Tatsuya Ohyama ◽  
Michael D. Mauk
Keyword(s):  
Eyelid Conditioning ◽  
Granule Cells ◽  
Mossy Fiber ◽  
Mossy Fibers ◽  
Trace Conditioning ◽  
Trace Interval ◽  
The Us ◽  
Conditioned Responses ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient ◽  
Stimulation Of

Trace eyelid conditioning is a form of associative learning that requires several forebrain structures and cerebellum. Previous work suggests that at least two conditioned stimulus (CS)-driven signals are available to the cerebellum via mossy fiber inputs during trace conditioning: one driven by and terminating with the tone and a second driven by medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) that persists through the stimulus-free trace interval to overlap in time with the unconditioned stimulus (US). We used electric stimulation of mossy fibers to determine whether this pattern of dual inputs is necessary and sufficient for cerebellar learning to express normal trace eyelid responses. We find that presenting the cerebellum with one input that mimics persistent activity observed in mPFC and the lateral pontine nuclei during trace eyelid conditioning and another that mimics tone-elicited mossy fiber activity is sufficient to produce responses whose properties quantitatively match trace eyelid responses using a tone. Probe trials with each input delivered separately provide evidence that the cerebellum learns to respond to the mPFC-like input (that overlaps with the US) and learns to suppress responding to the tone-like input (that does not). This contributes to precisely timed responses and the well-documented influence of tone offset on the timing of trace responses. Computer simulations suggest that the underlying cerebellar mechanisms involve activation of different subsets of granule cells during the tone and during the stimulus-free trace interval. These results indicate that tone-driven and mPFC-like inputs are necessary and sufficient for the cerebellum to learn well-timed trace conditioned responses.

Auditory effects to complement the absence of visual information

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (0) ◽  
pp. 169
Author(s):  
Tomoaki Nakamura ◽  
Yukio P. Gunji
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Movement Speed ◽  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
Perceptual Similarity ◽  
Main Interest ◽  
Sensory Stimuli ◽  
Visual Interaction ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Expected Position

The majority of research on audio–visual interaction focused on spatio-temporal factors and synesthesia-like phenomena. Especially, research on synesthesia-like phenomena has been advanced by Marks et al., and they found synesthesia-like correlation between brightness and size of visual stimuli and pitch of auditory stimuli (Marks, 1987). It seems that main interest of research on synesthesia-like phenomena is what perceptual similarity/difference between synesthetes and non-synesthetes is. We guessed that cross-modal phenomena of non-synesthetes on perceptual level emerge as a function to complement the absence or ambiguity of a certain stimulus. To verify the hypothesis, we investigated audio–visual interaction using movement (speed) of an object as visual stimuli and sine-waves as auditory stimuli. In this experiment objects (circles) moved at a fixed speed in one trial and the objects were masked in arbitrary positions, and auditory stimuli (high, middle, low pitch) were given simultaneously with the disappearance of objects. Subject reported the expected position of the objects when auditory stimuli stopped. Result showed that correlation between the position, i.e., the movement speed, of the object and pitch of sound was found. We conjecture that cross-modal phenomena on non-synesthetes tend to occur when one of sensory stimuli are absent/ambiguous.

Blocking and Sensory Preconditioning Effects in Morphine Analgesic Tolerance: Support for a Pavlovian Conditioning Model of Drug Tolerance

1983 ◽  
Vol 35 (1b) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Dafters ◽  
Marion Hetherington ◽  
Helen Mccartney
Keyword(s):  
Pavlovian Conditioning ◽  
Compound Stimulus ◽  
Light Stimulus ◽  
Drug Tolerance ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Sensory Preconditioning ◽  
Analgesic Tolerance ◽  
Environmental Stimuli ◽  
Conditioning Model ◽  
Conditioned Responses

Two experiments on rats tested predictions of a Pavlovian conditioning model of drug tolerance which holds that tolerance is the result of compensatory conditioned responses, developed to environmental stimuli accompanying the drug administrations, which attenuate the direct effects of the drug. In Experiment I, the acquisition of tolerance-modulating properties by the tone component of a tone-light compound stimulus which accompanied morphine administrations was reduced by prior light-morphine pairings (blocking). In Experiment II, a tone stimulus acquired tolerance-modulating properties through prior pairings with a light stimulus which later accompanied morphine administrations (sensory preconditioning). These findings are uniquely predicted by the Pavlovian conditioning model of drug tolerance and are incompatible with traditional theories which assign no role to environmental stimuli present at the time of drug administration.

Scrutinizing integrative effects in a multi-stimuli detection task

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (0) ◽  
pp. 100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Pannunzi ◽  
Alexis Pérez-Bellido ◽  
Alexandre Pereda Baños ◽  
Joan López-Moliner ◽  
Gustavo Deco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signal Detection Theory ◽  
Compound Stimulus ◽  
Detection Task ◽  
Sensory Stimuli ◽  
Tactile Stimuli ◽  
Auditory Detection ◽  
Theoretical Hypothesis ◽  
Multisensory Enhancement ◽  
Tactile Detection ◽  
Level Of Processing

The level of processing at which different modalities interact to either facilitate or interfere with detection has been a matter of debate for more than half a century. This question has been mainly addressed by means of statistical models (Green, 1958), or by biologically plausible models (Schnupp et al., 2005). One of the most widely accepted statistical frameworks is the signal detection theory (SDT; Green and Swets, 1966) because it provides a straightforward way to assess whether two sensory stimuli are judged independently of one another, that is when the detectability (d′) of the compound stimulus exceeds the Pythagorean sum of the d′ of the components. Here, we question this logic, and propose a different baseline to evaluate integrative effects in multi-stimuli detection tasks based on the probabilistic summation. To this aim, we show how a simple theoretical hypothesis based on probabilistic summation can explain putative multisensory enhancement in an audio-tactile detection task. In addition, we illustrate how to measure integrative effects from multiple stimuli in two experiments, one using a multisensory audio-tactile detection task (Experiment 1) and another with a unimodal double-stimulus auditory detection task (Experiment 2). Results from Experiment 1 replicate extant multisensory detection data, and also refuse the hypothesis that auditory and tactile stimuli integrated into a single percept, leading to any enhancement. In Experiment 2, we further support the probabilistic summation model using a unimodal integration detection task.

scholarly journals PRELIMINARY STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF POST-RETRIEVAL EXTINCTION ON THE RETURN OF CONDITIONED RESPONSES IN HUMANS

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Fonseca Zuccolo ◽  
Maria Helena Leite Hunziker
Keyword(s):  
Pavlovian Conditioning ◽  
Skin Conductance ◽  
Test Phase ◽  
Extinction Procedure ◽  
Skin Conductance Responses ◽  
The Us ◽  
Minute Interval ◽  
Single Presentation ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Conditioned Responses

We conducted a preliminary study to replicate the experiment by Schiller et al. (2010), who found that conditional responses (CR) may be permanently inhibited through post-retrieval extinction, a procedure in which subjects are exposed to a stimulus that was present during conditioning (retrieval cue), such as the presentation of the CS without the US or a single presentation of the US alone, followed by extinction. Eleven adult participants underwent Pavlovian conditioning with three colored squares (CS), two of which (CSa+ and CSb+) were paired with a mild electrical stimulation (US), whereas a third stimulus was never paired with a US (CS-). Twenty-four hours later, the participants were divided into two groups (experimental and control) and underwent extinction, which consisted of presenting all CSs without the US. For the experimental group only, a retrieval cue consisting of a single presentation of the CSa+ and CS- without the US was administered 10 min before extinction. In the test phase, the US was administered four times and then followed by a ten-minute interval and a new extinction procedure. Skin conductance responses to the stimuli were measured. Groups did not differ from each other. They presented equivalent levels of conditioning and extinction as well as an increase in CR amplitudes following the presentation of all stimuli in the test phase. These data do not replicate findings from the original study, suggesting that further analyses are needed to identify variables that control Pavlovian conditioning and extinction in humans. Key words: Pavlovian conditioning, post-retrieval extinction, reconsolidation, skin conductance, humans.

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