scholarly journals Genomic architecture and evolutionary antagonism drive allelic expression bias in the social supergene of red fire ants

eLife ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Martinez-Ruiz ◽  
Rodrigo Pracana ◽  
Eckart Stolle ◽  
Carolina Ivon Paris ◽  
Richard A Nichols ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fire Ants ◽  
Allelic Expression ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Social Forms ◽  
Complex Phenotypes ◽  
The Social ◽  
Expression Bias ◽  
Allelic Differences ◽  
Suppressed Recombination

Supergene regions maintain alleles of multiple genes in tight linkage through suppressed recombination. Despite their importance in determining complex phenotypes, our empirical understanding of early supergene evolution is limited. Here we focus on the young ‘social’ supergene of fire ants, a powerful system for disentangling the effects of evolutionary antagonism and suppressed recombination. We hypothesize that gene degeneration and social antagonism shaped the evolution of the fire ant supergene, resulting in distinct patterns of gene expression. We test these ideas by identifying allelic differences between supergene variants, characterizing allelic expression across populations, castes and body parts, and contrasting allelic expression biases with differences in expression between social forms. We find strong signatures of gene degeneration and gene-specific dosage compensation. On this background, a small portion of the genes has the signature of adaptive responses to evolutionary antagonism between social forms.

scholarly journals Genomic architecture and evolutionary conflict drive allele-specific expression in the social supergene of the red fire ant

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Martinez-Ruiz ◽  
Rodrigo Pracana ◽  
Eckart Stolle ◽  
Carolina I. Paris ◽  
Richard A. Nichols ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Genomics ◽  
Fire Ant ◽  
Allelic Expression ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Social Forms ◽  
Evolutionary Conflict ◽  
Allele Specific ◽  
Suppressed Recombination ◽  
Genomic Regions

AbstractSupergenes are genomic regions of suppressed recombination that underlie complex polymorphisms. Despite the importance of such regions, our empirical understanding of their early evolution is limited. The young “social” supergene of the fire ant Solenopsis invicta provides a powerful system for disentangling the roles of evolutionary conflict and the implications of suppressed recombination.We used population genomics to identify genetic differences between supergene variants and gene expression analyses across different populations, castes and body parts to characterize allelic expression differences for the hundreds of genes in the supergene.We find that the expression of most genes is independent of social form or supergene variant, in line with the young age of this system. Many of the genes with allelic expression differences, however, show a pattern consistent with gene degeneration due to suppressed recombination. In contrast, a small portion of the genes has the signature of evolutionary conflict between social forms.

scholarly journals Author response: Genomic architecture and evolutionary antagonism drive allelic expression bias in the social supergene of red fire ants

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Martinez-Ruiz ◽  
Rodrigo Pracana ◽  
Eckart Stolle ◽  
Carolina Ivon Paris ◽  
Richard A Nichols ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fire Ants ◽  
Allelic Expression ◽  
Author Response ◽  
Genomic Architecture ◽  
The Social ◽  
Expression Bias

scholarly journals Correction: Genomic architecture and evolutionary antagonism drive allelic expression bias in the social supergene of red fire ants

eLife ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Martinez-Ruiz ◽  
Rodrigo Pracana ◽  
Eckart Stolle ◽  
Carolina Ivon Paris ◽  
Richard A Nichols ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fire Ants ◽  
Allelic Expression ◽  
Genomic Architecture ◽  
The Social ◽  
Expression Bias

scholarly journals Exploring Chinese people’s attitudes towards “going through the backdoor”

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 183449092199329
Author(s):  
Tulips Yiwen Wang ◽  
Allan B. I. Bernardo
Keyword(s):  
Social Practice ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Chinese Society ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Total N ◽  
Perceptions Of Fairness ◽  
The Social ◽  
Personal Connections ◽  
Back Door ◽  
People’S Attitudes

The present investigation explored Chinese people's attitudes toward the social practice of going “through the back door” or zouhoumen. Zouhoumen is an informal approach to achieve one’s goal through personal connections (called guanxi). We propose that Chinese people distinguish between different acts of zouhoumen and propose at least two types that differ in terms of social cognitive aspects, and that the two types evoke different perceptions of fairness that shape attitudes towards zouhoumen. Two experiments (total N = 414) provided evidence for the differentiation between facilitative zouhoumen and expropriative zouhoumen and also explore the role of type of guanxi in attitudes towards the two types of zouhoumen. Both experiments indicated that facilitative zouhoumen was less unacceptable than expropriative zouhoumen, but there were no marked differences in attitudes between zouhoumen involving expressive or instrumental guanxi. The results support a more nuanced theoretical account of a pervasive social phenomenon in Chinese society that we assume is adaptive responses to features of Chinese historical socioeconomic context.

Anthropomorphic Metaphor in the English Veterinary Terminology

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
O Syrotin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Veterinary Medicine ◽  
Conceptual Analysis ◽  
Living Organism ◽  
Functional Similarity ◽  
Social Characteristics ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Cognitive Transfer ◽  
The Social ◽  
Natural Fact

Introduction. The article is devoted to the presentation of the results of the study of metaphorization and the study of metaphorical terms, widely represented in the English terminology of veterinary medicine. The purpose of the article is to represent the features of the anthropomorphic metaphorical name in the English terminology of veterinary medicine. Materials and methods of research. The study of metaphorization as a way of forming English veterinary terms was conducted by us on the basis of lexicographic data recorded in English terminological dictionaries of veterinary medicine. Results of the research. The analysis of lexicographic material allowed to identify four donor domains that served as a source of metaphorical names in the terminology of veterinary medicine: HUMAN, LIVING ORGANISM, NATURAL FACT, ARTIFACT. Conceptual analysis of metaphorical terms of veterinary medicine revealed that one of the most productive metaphors used in the creation of terminological units is anthropomorphic. In anthropomorphic metaphorization, the names are transferred from the donor domain HUMAN to the recipient domain VETERINARY. The article attempts to consider the cognitive basis of anthropomorphic metaphor as one of the mechanisms of creation of veterinary terms in English. Based on the theory of conceptual metaphor, it was found that the sources of anthropomorphic metaphor are the biological characteristics of people, the names of body parts and properties of a living organism. Semantic groups of metaphorical terms formed on the basis of cognitive transfer of tokens related to the structure of the human body, its behavior, inherent qualities, life and way of life in the field of veterinary medicine based on external or functional similarity between donor and recipient domains are considered. Сonclusions. Thus, the study allows us to conclude that the terms-metaphors occupy a certain niche in the terminology of veterinary medicine in English and ensure their effective functioning in the language of veterinarians. Conceptual analysis of metaphorical terms of veterinary medicine revealed that one of the most productive is anthropomorphic metaphor. As a result of anthropomorphic metaphorization, new terms of veterinary medicine are formed on the basis of cognitive transfer of tokens that relate to the social characteristics of a person that determine his appearance, behavior or condition, in the field of veterinary medicine on the basis of external or functional similarity between donor and recipient domains.

FROM SOCIAL FORMS IN TEACHING GERMAN USE

2021 ◽  
Vol 02 (06) ◽  
pp. 73-77
Author(s):  
Anora Mamatova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Language Teaching ◽  
German Language ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Social Forms ◽  
The Social

The article analyzes the social forms used in German language teaching. Their types, advantages and disadvantages are shown.

scholarly journals Testemunho dos carismáticos como verdade informativa na perspectiva da Folkcomunicação

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (41) ◽  
pp. 70
Author(s):  
Roseméri Laurindo ◽  
Ana Cláudia Kostetzer
Keyword(s):  
Popular Media ◽  
Santa Catarina ◽  
Social Forms ◽  
The Social ◽  
Informative Content ◽  
Forms Of Knowledge ◽  
Santa Catarina State

Este artigo apresenta uma reflexão sobre a verdade informativa nos testemunhos de participantes do movimento religioso Renovação Carismática Católica do Brasil. Os relatos foram coletados nas pregações do Grupo de Oração São José, onde cerca de trinta pessoas se encontravam, em 2018, todas as segundas-feiras, às 19 horas, na capela Nossa Senhora das Graças, localizada no bairro Bateias do município de Gaspar, em Santa Catarina. A pesquisa foi baseada na perspectiva da Folkcomunicação, teoria fundamentada por Luiz Beltrão e que fala dos meios de comunicação populares e seus agentes. Analisa-se como os testemunhos acrescentam conteúdo informativo para a comunidade carismática, nos encontros de oração. Testemunhos da transformação no conhecimento sobre a realidade dificilmente contemplada pela abordagem jornalística tradicional. Testemunho; Informação; RCC; Folkcomunicação; Grupo de Oração. This article presents a reflection on the informational truth in the testimonies of participants in the “Renovação Carismática Católica do Brasil”. The reports were collected in the preachings of the “Grupo de Oração São José”, where about thirty people meet every Monday at 7:00 pm in the chapel “Nossa Senhora das Graças”, located in the Bateias, neighborhood of the municipality of Gaspar, in Santa Catarina State. The research is based on the perspective of folkcommunication, a theory created by Luiz Beltrão and that speaks of the popular media and its agents. It is analyzed how the testimonies can add informative content to the charismatic community, in the meetings of prayer. Transformations of the social forms of knowledge about reality are also witnessed, hardly contemplated by the traditional journalistic approach. The present research presents, therefore, a framework with the objective of analyzing the collected testimonies. Testimony; Information; RCC; Folkcommunication; Prayer group. Este artículo presenta una reflexión sobre la verdad informativa en los testemonios de los participantes del movimiento religioso “Renovação Carismática Católica do Brasil”. Los relatos fueron recogidos en la predicación del “Grupo de Oração São José”, donde una treintena de personas se reunieron, en 2018, todos los lunes, a las 19 horas, en la capilla Nossa Senhora das Graças, em el barrio Bateias, en el município de Gaspar, estado de Santa Catarina. La investigación se basó en la perspectiva de la comunicación popular, una teoría fundada por Luiz Beltrão y que habla de los medios populares y sus agentes. Se analiza cómo los testimonios agregan contenido informativo para la comunidad carismática, en encuentros de oración. Testemonios de la transformación del conocimiento sobre la realidad raramente contemplado por el enfoque periodístico tradicional. Testimonio; Información; RCC; Folkcomunicación; Grupo de oración.

scholarly journals Distinct colony boundaries and larval discrimination in polygyne red imported fire ants (Solenopsis invicta)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
MacKenzie Kjeldgaard ◽  
Pierre-André Eyer ◽  
Collin McMichael ◽  
Alison Bockoven ◽  
Joanie King ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solenopsis Invicta ◽  
Sucrose Solution ◽  
Ecological Impact ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Fire Ants ◽  
Fire Ant ◽  
Red Imported Fire Ant ◽  
Invasive Ant ◽  
Nestmate Discrimination ◽  
Social Forms

Evaluating the factors that promote invasive ant abundance is critical to assess their ecological impact and inform their management. Many invasive ant species show reduced nestmate recognition and an absence of boundaries between unrelated nests, which allow populations to achieve greater densities due to reduced intraspecific competition. We examined nestmate discrimination and colony boundaries in introduced populations of the red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta; hereafter, fire ant). Fire ants occur in two social forms: monogyne (colonies with a single egg-laying queen) and polygyne (colonies with multiple egg-laying queens). In contrast with monogyne nests, polygyne nests are thought to be interconnected due to the reduced antagonism between non-nestmate polygyne workers, perhaps because polygyne workers habituate the colony to an odor unique to Gp-9-carrying adults. However, colony boundaries and nestmate discrimination are poorly documented, particularly for worker-brood interactions. To delimit boundaries between field colonies, we correlated the exchange of a N-glycine tracer dissolved in a sucrose solution with social form. We also evaluated nestmate discrimination between polygyne workers and larvae in the laboratory. Counter to our expectations, polygyne colonies behaved identically to monogyne colonies, suggesting both social forms maintain strict colony boundaries. Polygyne workers also preferentially fed larval nestmates and may have selectively cannibalized non-nestmates. The levels of relatedness among workers in polygyne colonies was higher than those previously reported in North America (mean ±SE: 0.269 ± 0.037). Our study highlights the importance of combining genetic analyses with direct quantification of resource exchange to better understand the factors influencing ant invasions.

scholarly journals Social Exclusion Down-Regulates Pain Empathy at the Late Stage of Empathic Responses: Electrophysiological Evidence

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Fan ◽  
Jing Jie ◽  
Pinchao Luo ◽  
Yu Pang ◽  
Danna Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Controlled Processing ◽  
Behavioral Studies ◽  
The Social ◽  
Central Regions ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
And Behavior

Social exclusion has a significant impact on cognition, emotion, and behavior. Some behavioral studies investigated how social exclusion affects pain empathy. Conclusions were inconsistent, and there is a lack of clarity in identifying which component of pain empathy is more likely to be affected. To investigate these issues, we used a Cyberball task to manipulate feelings of social exclusion. Two groups (social exclusion and social inclusion) participated in the same pain empathy task while we recorded event-related potentials (ERP) when participants viewed static images of body parts in painful and neutral situations. The results showed early N2 differentiation between painful and neutral pictures in the central regions in both groups. The pattern at the late controlled processing stage was different. Parietal P3 amplitudes for painful pictures were significantly smaller than those for neutral pictures in the social exclusion group; they did not differ in the social inclusion group. We observed a parietal late positive potential (LPP) differentiation between painful and neutral pictures in both groups. LPP amplitudes were significantly smaller in the social exclusion group than those in the social inclusion group for painful stimuli. Our results indicate that social exclusion does not affect empathic responses during the early emotional sharing stage. However, it down-regulates empathic responses at the late cognitive controlled stage, and this modulation is attenuated gradually. The current study provides neuroscientific evidence of how social exclusion dynamically influences pain empathy.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document