Adult Education
This chapter examines opportunities for developing urban environmental education experiences for adults. It first considers the core ideas of three influential adult education scholars—Paulo Freire, Malcolm Knowles, and Jane Vella—before describing two cases of adult environmental education in cities, one in New York City and one in London. It then reviews theory and practice through the binary categories of “emancipatory” versus “instrumental” environmental education, both of which have conceptual roots in the work of Freire, Knowles, and Vella, among others. It also explains how, through the use of andragogic methods such as relationship building, engagement in action, and a focus on the needs of the learner, adult urban environmental education initiatives can help promote environmental literacy and action.