The Invention and Expansion of Intellectual Property

Author(s):  
Murphy Halliburton

This chapter depicts the emergence of the concept of intellectual property starting with analyses of intangible property in pre-capitalist societies and the development of patents and copyrights in 15th-18th century Europe. Court decisions that expanded the scope of intellectual property in the last few decades in the U.S. are presented followed by a review of the development of patent treaties from the Paris Convention of 1883 to the current World Trade Organization TRIPS legislation which required a rewriting of patent laws in India and around the world. India’s 1970 Patents Act, the reigning law until the TRIPS regime, prohibited product patents on medications, allowing only patents on the process for making a drug in order to prevent monopoly control of medications. In 2005, India had to change its law to comply with the WTO by allowing product patents and exclusive market control of medications.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riki Andus Manulang

Revolusi industri di Inggris pada sekitar abad 18 telah mengubah dunia secara drastis. Teknologi telah mengambil alih peran manusia dalam memenuhi kebutuhan hidupnya terutama dalam hal mengatasi ruang dan waktu. Temuan-temuan besar seperti mesin uap, mesin cetak dan lain-lain membuat para inventor dan perusahaan besar mulai sering memamerkan hasil-hasil temuan mereka. Namun, bersamaan dengan ditemukannya teknologi industri timbul kekhawatiran bahwa ada kemungkinan ide atau gagasan-gagasan mereka dicuri oleh pesaing-pesaing bisnis mereka atau orang yang akan menggunakannya tanpa ijin dan mengambil keuntungan pribadi, tanpa memperhatikan hak-hak penemu, sehingga mereka enggan ikut dalam pameran-pameran internasional (world fair) . Sejak saat ini dia antara mereka timbul kebutuhan perlindungan hak hasil kekayaan intelektual. Kebutuhan perlindungan atas suatu desain industri mulai dikenal sekitar abad ke 18. Kebutuhan perlindungan hukum ini dimotori sekelompok profesional,Patent Lawyers yang sedang berkumpul di Vienna, Austria dalam suasana Vienna World Fair pada tahun 1873. Pada 1883 mereka mengadakan konvensi di Paris yang kemudian dikenal dengan The Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property. Saat ini Paris Convention mengakomodasi perlindungan penemuan-penemuan di bidang industri seperti hak atas paten, merek, rahasia dagang, desain tata letak sirkuit terpadu, indikasi geografis, varietas tanaman termasuk desain industri.Dalam pertemuan Putaran Uruguay di Marrakes, Maroko 1994, Indonesia hadir dan menandatangani The Final Act Embodying the Results of The Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations yang menghasilan dibentuknya organisasi perdagangan dunia (World Trade Organization). Moment ini mempunyai arti yang luas dan dalam bagi Indonesia, baik secara politis, ekonomi dan hukum. Selain menjadi anggota WTO yang mempunyai hak-hak sebagai anggota juga kewajiban-kewajiban antara lain mentaati seluruh keputusan-keputusan yang diambil organisasi ini. Di dalam lampiran The Final Act terdapat lampiran Trade Releated Aspect of Intellectual Property (Aspek-aspek dagangan kekayaan intelektual). Dampak dari hal itu ada kewajiban bagi negara anggota untuk melakukan harmonisasi peraturan-peraturan termasuk peraturan kekayaan intelektual. Maka, pada tahun 2000, pemerintah Indonesia menerbitkan beberapa peraturan HKI, yaitu Undang-Undang No. 29 tahun Tentang Varietas Tanaman; Undang-Undang No. 30 Tahun 2000 Tentang Rahasia Dagang; Undang-Undang No. 31 Tahun 2000 Tentang Desain Industri; Undang-Undang No. 32 Tahun 2000 Tentang Desain Tata Letak Sirkuit Terpadu.Dengan judul Desain Industri Sebagai Seni Terapan Dilindungi Hak kekayaan Intelektual secara yuridis normatif akan dijelaskan bahwa suatu desain selain dapat dilindungi hak Desain Industri juga dapat dilindungi dengan hak cipta. Dalam tulisan ini akan diangkat tentang apakah suatu desain dapat dilindungi dengan hak cipta? Bagi seorang pendesain perlindungan hak apa yang akan dipilih untuk melindungi hasil desain suatu produk?


Author(s):  
Ahan Gadkari ◽  
◽  
Sofia Dash ◽  

The availability of vaccinations against COVID-19 provides hope for containing the epidemic, which has already claimed over 2.84 million lives. However, inoculating millions of individuals worldwide would need large vaccine manufacturing followed by fair distribution. A barrier to vaccine development and dissemination is the developers' intellectual property rights. India and South Africa have jointly sought to the World Trade Organization that certain TRIPS rules of COVID-19 vaccines, medicines, and treatments be waived. This piece argues for such a waiver, highlighting the unique circumstances that exist. It believes that TRIPS's flexibilities are inadequate to cope with the present epidemic, particularly for nations without pharmaceutical manufacturing competence.


2001 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 714-724
Author(s):  
Joe McMahon ◽  
Catherine Seville

This Journal's previous piece on current developments in EC intellectual property noted that this area of law is dominated by the drive towards harmonisation.1 This drive continues, and its success has been such that it can now begin to be seen in an overarching context of globalisation. The idea of a unified global system for the protection of intellectual property now seems at least conceivable, even if not immediately achievable. It is even possible to state that some stages have been achieved on the journey, most notably the TRIPs Agreement. Since adherence to this is a requirement of World Trade Organization (WTO) membership, the arguments in its favour have suddenly become “persuasive”. It represents a tremendous achievement in terms of the protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights throughout the world. The World Intellectual Property Organisation's contribution here and elsewhere has been immense.


2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 384
Author(s):  
Denise Lucena Cavalcante ◽  
Mônica Rocha Victor De Oliveira

In 2013, the U.S. filed a complaint against India before the World Trade Organization, alleging the inconsistency of certain measures for India relating to domestic requirements under the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (“NSM”) for solar cells and solar modules with the rules of the GATT, the SCM and the TRIMS (WTO/DS456).


2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 1827-1840
Author(s):  
Flávio Marcelo Rodrigues Bruno

The present research has as its thematic approach, the (in) effectiveness of the decisions of the international commercial court from the recent economic policies for agriculture in the United States in relation to the determinations of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in the litigation on the granting of subsidies to cotton – Upland Cotton. It is the pretension of this research, to delimit the study of the subject in the sense of demonstrating that the United States continued to have negative impacts on the international market, even though they were defeated in the litigation against Brazil in the WTO Dispute Settlement Body. In the litigation of cotton subsidies – Upland Cotton, Brazil and the United States enter into controversy regarding the granting of this instrument of economic policy by the U.S. government to an industry in which Brazil has comparative advantages and competitive production, especially in international trade. The WTO ruling on the case has proved that the U.S. economic policy on the use of subsidies, in particular those granted to agriculture, constitute a protectionist practice that interferes negatively with international trade. An interdisciplinary legal analysis from the economic and political point of view is essential in the context of international trade relations that have a profound impact on U.S. trade policy practices.


2011 ◽  
pp. 141-151
Author(s):  
Jakkrit Kuanpoth

The chapter deals with ethical aspects of patent law and how the global patent regime helps or hinders the development of a developing country such as Thailand. More specifically, it discusses Article 27.3 of the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), which states that countries may exclude methods of medical treatment, plants and animals (but not micro-organisms) from patent protection. It also provides legal analysis on the issue of whether developing countries can maximize benefits from the TRIPS morality exception (Article 27.2) in dealing with biotechnological patenting.


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